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CERTAIN 


ABORIGINAL    REMAINS 


OF   THE 


NORTHWEST    FLORIDA   COAST 


PART    I. 


BY 


CLARENCE    B.  MOORE. 


REPRINT   FROM   THE  JOURNAL  OF  THE   ACADEMY   OF   NATURAL 

SCIENCES   OF   PHILADELPHIA,  VOLUME   XI. 

PHILADELPHIA,    1901. 


PHILADELPHIA  : 

P.   C.   STOCKHAUSEN, 

53-55  N.  yth  St., 

1901. 


OUTLINE  MAP  OP  FLORIDA 

Showing   author  s  explorations 


Scale  in  miles 
1901 

o\  Search    —  —  —  —  —  — 


1 1 563? 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  NORTHWEST 

FLORIDA  COAST. 


PART  I. 
BY  CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 

During  the  past  ten  seasons  we  have  investigated  aboriginal  remains  in  the 
southern  United  States  and  have  devoted  most  of  that  period  to  Florida  and  to  the 
States  that  border  it,  Alabama  and  Georgia.  By  the  outline  map  of  Florida  which 
we  give,  showing  the  territory  covered  by  our  work  in  that  State,  it  will  be  seen 
that  nearly  all  the  waterways  had  been  investigated  by  us,  except  the  northwest 
coast.  Now,  this  portion  of  Florida  should  be  of  great  interest  archseologically, 
bordering,  as  it  does,  a  section  stretching  across  much  of  southern  Georgia  and 
most  of  southern  Alabama,  and  an  investigation  by  us  looking  to  the  tracing  of 
possible  influence  from  States  where  we  have  done  so  much  work,  on  peninsular 
Florida,  which  we  know  so  well,  through  the  coast-territory,  seemed  to  be  worth 
our  while. 

Beginning,  then,  in  the  winter  of  1901,  at  Perdido  bay,  the  coast-boundary 
between  Alabama  and  Florida  (see  map),  we  explored  carefully  eastward,  including 
Pensacola  bay,  Santa  Rosa  sound  and  Choctawhatchee  bay.  Our  results,  which 
are  largely  based  on  the  discovery  of  earthenware,  are  given  in  this  part  of  our 
Report. 

It  is  our  hope,  next  year,  if  all  goes  well,  carefully  to  cover  St.  Andrew's,  and 
St.  Joseph's,  bay,  Apalachicola  bay,  St.  George's  sound,  Apalachee  bay  and  all  the 
lower  northwest  coast  to  Tampa,  including,  perhaps,  parts  of  some  of  the  rivers 
that  enter  the  Gulf  along  our  route. 

The  mounds  of  the  section  we  have  explored,  we  know  from  experience,  and  of 
the  territory  we  hope  to  visit,  from  reliable  accounts,  have  been  exposed  to  relent 
less  attack  by  seekers  for  buried  treasure.  In  no  part  of  Florida  is  the  pursuit  of 
this  ignis  fatuus  so  intense,  and  persons,  otherwise  sane,  seemingly,  spend  consider 
able  portions  of  their  time  with  spade  and  divining  rod  in  fruitless  search.  Fortu 
nately,  the  mounds,  though  injured,  have  not  been  destroyed. 

In  the  way  of  legitimate  research,  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker  in  the  Smithsonian  Report 
for  1883,1  gives  an  account  of  his  explorations  along  Pensacola  bay,  Santa  Rosa 
sound  and  Choctawhatchee  bay,  with  maps  and  with  figures  of  human  and  animal 

1  Pg.  854,  et  seq. 

54  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


422    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

heads  which  have  served  as  handles  for  earthenware.  Mr.  Walker  failed  to  find 
the  deposit  of  earthenware  in  the  great  mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 

Professor  Holmes  informs  us  that  an  interesting  collection  of  earthenware  was 
taken  from  the  mound  at  Bear  Point,  Perdido  bay,  by  Mr.  Parsons,  then  of  the 
Coast  Survey,  and  we  are  indebted  to  Professor  Holmes  for  a  series  of  illustrations 
of  these  vessels  which  resemble  those  found  by  us,  and  which  will  form  a  plate  in 
Professor  Holmes'  forthcoming  report  on  aboriginal  earthenware  of  the  United 
States,  to  be  published  by  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.1 

In  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  1875,  page  282,  et  seq.,  G.  M.  Sternberg,  Surgeon,  U.  S.  A.,  publishes  an 
account  of  "  Indian  Burial  Mounds  and  Shellheaps  near  Pensacola,  Florida,  Bay." 
The  author  describes  his  explorations  in  the  Bear  Point  Mound  and  in  the  mound 
at  Walton's  Camp,  Santa  Rosa  sound,  where  he,  also,  we  note,  missed  the  great 
deposit  of  earthenware. 

The  student  of  the  archaeology  of  this  part  of  the  Florida  coast  is  doubtless 
familiar  with  "  The  Narrative  of  Alvar  Nunez  Cabe^a  de  Vaca,"  2  who  landed  at 
Tampa  in  1527  with  part  of  an  ill-fated  expedition,  and  who  spent  six  years  (1528- 
1533)  as  a  prisoner  among  the  aborigines  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  living  at 
places  where  explorations  treated  of  in  this  volume  were  carried  on,  on  Santa  Rosa 
Island  (Malhado  Island)  and  near  Pensacola  bay.  The  inhabitants  of  this  section 
are  described  as  poor.  We  are  told  (p.  50)  "  for  three  months  in  the  year  they  eat 
nothing  else  than  these  [oysters]  and  drink  very  bad  water.  There  is  great  want 
of  wood,  and  mosquitoes  are  in  very  great  numbers.  The  houses  are  of  mats,  set 
up  on  masses  of  oyster  shells,  which  they  sleep  upon,  and  in  skins,  should  they 
accidentally  possess  them."  Nevertheless,  these  coast  aborigines  were  possessed  of 
earthenware.  "  Before  their  houses  were  many  clay  pitchers  of  water,"  we  are 
told  (page  35). 

Dr.  M.  G.  Miller,  who  has  accompanied  us  in  all  our  mound  work,  determined, 
as  to  human  remains,  this  season,  as  before,  and  aided  in  our  work  generally  and  in 
putting  this  Report  through  the  press. 

1  We  would  call  the  attention  of  any  reader  wishing  a  more  thorough  acquaintance  with  the 
aboriginal  ware  of  this  country  to: 

"  Pottery  of  the  Ancient  Pueblos." 

"  Ancient  Pottery  of  the  Mississippi  Valley." 

"  Origin  and  Development  of  Form  and  Ornament  in  Ceramic  Art." 

All  by  Professor  Holmes  and  all  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology, 
1882-1883;  and  in  the  same  volume  "A  Study  of  Pueblo  Pottery  as  Illustrative  of  Zuiii  Culture 
Growth,"  by  Frank  Hamilton  Gushing. 

"  Archaeological  Expedition  to  Arizona  in  1895,"  by  Jesse  Walter  Fewkes.  Seventeenth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  1895-1896. 

"Illustrated  Catalogue,"  etc.,  by  William  H.  Holmes.  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  Ethnology,  1881-1882. 

"Contributions  to  the  Archaeology  of  Missouri,  Part  I,  Pottery,"  by  the  Archaeological  Section 
of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Sciences. 

"  Antiquities  of  Tennessee,"  by  Gates  P.  Thruston, 

Various  Reports  on  Antiquities  of  Florida,  Georgia,  South  Carolina  and  Alabama,  by  Clarence 
B.  Moore.  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Volumes  X  and  XI. 

2  English  translation  by  Buckingham  Smith.     Privately  printed,  Washington,  1851. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    423 

List  of  Mounds  Investigated. 
(See  Map) 

Bear  Point,  Perdido  bay. 

Near  Bear  Point,  Perdido  bay. 

Josephine  P.  0.,  Perdido  bay. 

Maester  Creek,  Blackwater  bay. 

Graveyard  Point,  East  bay. 

Santa  Rosa  sound  (2). 

Walton's  Camp,  Santa  Rosa  sound. 

Don's  Bayou,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Black  Point,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Rocky  Bayou,  Choctawhatchee  bay  (2). 

Basin  Bayou,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Jolly  Bay,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Black  Creek,  Choctawhatchee  bay  (3). 

Near  Point  Washington,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Cemetery  near  Point  Washington,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

Hogtown  Bayou,  Choctawhatchee  bay. 

MOUND  AT  BEAR  POINT,  PERDIDO  BAY,  BALDWIN  COUNTY,  ALA.1 

This  mound  was  in  woods  about  150  yards  in  a  N.  W.  direction  from  Bear 
Point,  on  land  belonging  to  Mr.  Arthur  B.  Jones,  of  Chicago,  111. 

The  mound,  which  had  been  fairly  riddled  by  previous  digging,  was  roughly 
circular  in  outline,  with  a  diameter  at  base  of  80  feet.  The  summit  plateau,  also 
circular,  was  63  feet  across.  As  the  mound  was  partly  surrounded  by  depressions, 
whence  sand  for  its  making  had  come,  its  southern  portion,  built  up  against  a 
natural  slope,  was  somewhat  difficult  to  determine  as  to  height.  On  the  northwest 
side  the  mound  was  7  feet  2  inches  above  the  general  level  and  8  feet  on  the  north 
east  side.  Measured  from  the  south,  it  was  but  1  foot  8  inches  above  the  adjoining 
territory.  Forest  trees  were  on  the  plateau,  including  a  fallen  live  oak  10  feet  in 
circumference,  4  feet  from  the  base. 

The  mound  was  dug  through  by  us  beginning  at  the  extreme  margin  of  the 
northern  portion  with  a  line  of  men  extending  about  50  feet.  As  no  interments 
were  met  with  until  the  summit  plateau  was  reached,  portions  of  the  remaining 
marginal  parts  were  omitted. 

The  mound  was  of  yellowish  sand,  unstratified.  A  dark  band  marked  the 
base,  which  was  the  original  surface  of  the  surrounding  country.  From  the  surface 
of  the  summit  plateau  in  the  northerly  portions  of  the  mound,  to  the  base,  was  5 
feet  4  inches,  and  this  depth  was  maintained  until  the  slope  of  the  ridge  to  the 
south  was  reached,  where  the  mound  and  the  slope  merged. 

1  As  Perdido  bay  is  the  coast  boundary  between  Alabama  and  Florida,  we  have  included  this 
mound. 


424    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

Some  distance  in  from  the  margin,  a  second  dark  band  began  from  2  to  2.5  feet 
above  the  base.  This  band,  which  contained  bits  of  charcoal  and  debris,  marked  a 
period  of  occupation,  making  it  evident  that  the  aborigines,  after  living  for  a  while 
on  a  low  mound,  had  heightened  it  and  used  it  for  burial  purposes.  Few  burials 
were  found  below  the  upper  band,  and  when  they  were  met  with,  the  band  had 
been  cut  through.  Two  good  examples  of  the  domiciliary  mound  heightened  and 
then  used  for  burials  have  been  described  by  us  in  preceding  Reports ;  namely,  the 
great  Shields'  Mound,  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  river,  Florida,  and  the 
mound  at  Matthew's  Landing,  Alabama  river. 

In  all,  human  remains  were  met  with  in  forty-four  places,  counting  only  such 
burials  as  were  seemingly  undisturbed  by  previous  digging. 

Unless  otherwise  stated,  burials  were  above  the  upper  dark  line  in  the  mound. 

Burial  No.  1. — Two  femurs  and  part  of  a  radius. 

Burial  No.  2. — Two  skulls  with  a  conch-shell  in  association.  These  skulls. 
like  all  others  in  this  mound,  were  badly  decayed  and  are  spoken  of  as  skulls 
because  enough  of  them  remained  to  show  that  two  crania,  or  the  better  part  of  two 
crania,  had  been  interred. 

Burials  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  7,  8,  9,  12,  16,  17,  consisted  each,  of  a  single  skull,  unas- 
sociated  with  other  bones.  With  Burial  No.  12  were  two  shell  beads. 

Burial  No.  6. — A  lone  skull  covered  by  a  circular  dish  inverted,  unfortunately 
badly  crushed.  This  dish,  without  basal  perforation,  of  rather  coarse,  black  ware, 
has  incised  decoration  on  the  inner  surface  and  a  row  of  notches  around  the  rim. 
Its  diameter  is  15.75  inches;  its  depth,  4  inches.  A  former  cracked  portion  had 
been  held  together  by  cords  or  sinews  running  through  perforations  on  either  side 
of  the  crack.  Incidentally,  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  this  method  of  repair  was 
in  use  in  Egypt  probably  5000  years  ago.1  This  dish  has  been  sent  to  the  Museum 
at  Memorial  Hall,  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia. 

Burial  No.  10. — Part  of  a  femur,  possibly  a  late  disturbance. 

Burial  No.  11. — A  few  decayed  fragments  of  one  or  two  long-bones  with  a  chert 
lancehead  over  4  inches  in  length. 

Burial  No.  13. — A  grave  or  a  late  disturbance.  A  pit  running  from,  or  from 
near,  the  surface,  cutting  through  the  upper  dark  band  and  extending  almost  to  the 
base  of  the  mound.  On  the  bottom  was  a  bit  of  a  skull  and  a  humerus. 

Burial  No.  14. — Fragments  of  decaying  long-bones  lying  in  sand  unquestion 
ably  undisturbed. 

Burial  No.  15. — A  bunch  of  badly  decayed  bones,  principally  long-bones,  with 
out  a  skull. 

Burials  Nos.  18,  26,  27,  33,  44. — Each  a  skull  with  a  few  other  bones. 

Burial  No.  19. — A  few  bones  without  a  skull. 

Burial  No.  20. — Bones  falling  in  caved  sand.     With  them  was  a  quadrilateral 

'  "Naquada  and  Ballas,"  by  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie,  D.  C.  L.,  L.  L.  D.,  and  J.  E.  Quibell,  B.  A., 
London,  1896. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   425 


vessel  with  four  rudimentary  feet.     The  decoration  is  an  incised  representation  of 
animal  paws.     Diameter  at  opening  3.6  inches ;  height,  2  inches  (Fig.  1). 

Burial  No.  21.— Over  the  skull  of  a 
child,  with  which  were  four  large  shell 
beads,  was  an  inverted  bowl  broken  into 
many  pieces.  This  bowl,  since  put  together, 
is  11.25  inches  in  maximum  diameter  and 
4.25  inches  in  depth.  It  has  no  basal  per 
foration.  The  decoration,  incised,  Profes 
sor  Holmes  tells  us,  consists  of  a  conven 
tionalized  animal  head  showing  the  eye 
and  teeth.  On  either  side  are  other  parts 
of  the  animal's  body  highly  conventional 
ized  (Fig.  2).  This  symbolism  on  earthenware,  which  reached  its  greatest  extent 
along  the  Gulf  coast,  will  be  treated  exhaustively  by  Professor  Holmes  in  his  forth 
coming  work,  to  which  we  have  already  referred. 


FIG.  1.— Vessel  with  Burial  No.  20.     Mound  at  Bear 
Point.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


FIG.  2.— Vessel  with  Burial  No.  21.     Mound  at  Bear  Point.     (Half  size.) 

Burial  No.  22. — A  skull  with  a  few  long-bones.  With  the  bones  was  a  beauti 
ful  bottle  of  smooth  black  ware,  with  a  globular  body  incised  in  an  interesting  way 
over  every  portion.  A  white  substance,  placed  in  the  linesj  greatly  emphasizes 
them.  The  neck  of  this  bottle  is  missing  through  an  early  fracture.  Maximum 
diameter,  3.25  inches.  Near  the  vessel  lay  an  iron  nail. 

Burial  No.  23. — Part  of  a  dish  of  smooth  black  ware  with  the  remainder 
probably  cut  away  by  recent  digging.  Beneath  were  disturbed  bones. 

Burial  No.  24. — Certain  long-bones  without  a  skull.  An  arrowpoint  lay  with 
them. 

Burial  No.  25. — Part  of  a  dish  of  black  ware,  well  smoothed,  with  an  incised 
line  encircling  the  interior  below  the  margin.  Recent  digging  had  removed  a  con- 


426   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


siderable  part  of  this  plate  and  possibly  some  bones,  as  a  single  molar  only  was 
present. 

Burial  No.  28.  —  At  the  base  of  a  pit  beginning  at  or  near  the  surface,  which 
extended  through  the  upper  dark  band  and  a  short  distance  below  the  base,  were 
remains  of  what  had  been  a  wooden  box  about  2  feet  square.  Little  more  than 
dust  remained.  Badly  rusted  nails  and  small  clamps  of  iron  were  present.  Within 
the  remains  of  the  box,  packed  together,  were  :  two  skulls  ;  four  femurs  ;  four 
tibiae  ;  two  scapulae  ;  one  clavicle  ;  certain  ribs  and  vertebrae  ;  also  glass  beads. 

Burial  No.  29.  —  Skull  and  certain  bones  of  an  adult  with  some  bones  of  a 
child,  without  the  skull.  With  these  were  thirty  large  shell  beads  and  three  shell 
hairpins,  the  shanks  partly  decayed. 

Burial  No.  30.  —  Under  an  inverted  bowl  in  fragments  were  :  a  small  bit  of 
shell  and  certain  milk  teeth  ;  bitumen  ;  twelve  silver  buttons  ;  glass  beads  ;  an 
undated  silver  Coin  of  Spanish-Mexico,  which,  we  were  informed  at  the  United 
States  Mint,  was  struck  by  Charles  and  Joanna  between  1521  and  1550  A.D.  ; 
an  iron  spike  ;  a  small  piece  of  sheet  brass  or  copper  with  stamped  decoration, 
evidently  European.  The  bowl,  which  has  been  pieced  together,  is  of  black  ware  ; 
has  a  maximum  diameter  of  15.4  inches,  a  depth  of  G.75  inches.  This  bowl,  whose 
decoration  is  much  like  that  of  Vessel  No.  53  (Fig.  109)  from  the  Cemetery  near 
Point  Washington,  has  been  sent  to  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York 
City.  We  could  not  determine  as  to  perforation  through  the  absence  of  a  part  of 
the  base. 

Bitumen,  as  the  reader  is  doubtless  aware,  was  used  by  the  aborigines  as  a  sort 
of  cement  to  hold  in  place  in  their  sockets  knives  and  the  like.  We  shall  have 
occasion  again  to  speak  of  bitumen  in  describing  the  mound  near  Maester  creek, 
East  bay,  which  is  not  far  from  the  ancient  settlement  of  Charruco,  where  Cabe^'a 
de  Vaca  went  to  live  after  leaving  the  aborigines  on  Santa  Rosa  Island. 

Burial  No.  31.  —  Over  the  skull  of  an  adult  lay  a  circular  dish  of  black  ware  in 
fragments.  The  rim  is  notched  and  a 


single  incised  line  runs  around  the  inside 
about  3  inches  below  the  margin.  This 
dish,  imperforate  as  to  its  base,  was  sent 
to  the  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  where  it  has  been  carefully  pieced 
together.  We  are  indebted  to  Professor 
Putnam  for  photographs  of  this  dish  and 
of  all  vessels  which,  sent  to  the  Museum 
from  time  to  time  in  a  fragmentary  con 
dition  have  there  been  put  together. 

Below  the  dish,  lying  on  its  side,  was 
an  imperforate  vase,  having  a  semi-glo- 
bular  body  and  slightly  expanding  neck 
with  a  diameter  at  aperture  of  5.6  inches,  a  height  of  4.25  inches  (Fig.  3). 


FIH.  3.—  vessel  with  Burial  NO.  si. 
Point-   (Half  size'' 


Mound  at  Bear 


This 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    427 

vessel  contained  a  number  of  marine  bivalves  which  Mr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry,  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  has  identified  as  Callista  gigantea. 

Burial  No.  32. — Certain  bones  of  an  infant  and  twenty-two  large  shell  beads. 

Burial  No.  34. — Inverted  and  covering  an  adult  skull  with  a  few  vertebrae, 
was  a  badly  crushed  bowl  of  black  ware  having  incised  decoration  much  similar  to 
that  on  Vessel  No.  31  (Fig.  28)  from  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp.  This  bowl, 
which  has  been  sent  to  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City,  is  17 
inches  in  maximum  diameter  and  7  inches  deep.  A  perforation  had  been  made 
through  the  base. 

In  preceding  Reports  we  have  described  the  custom  obtaining,  mainly  in 
peninsular  Florida,  to  perforate  the  base  of  vessels  put  with  the  dead  in  order 
to  "  kill "  the  pot,  it  is  believed,  to  free  its  soul  to  accompany  that  of  the  departed. 
We  have  described  also,  how,  to  a  limited  extent,  this  custom  was  noticed  by  us  in 
the' case  of  burial  urns  up  the  Alabama  river  and  along  the  Georgia  coast.  We 
shall  see  in  this  Report  how  largely  this  basal  perforation  was  practised  along  the 
northwest  coast  of  Florida. 

Burial  No.  35. — The  skull  of  an  adult  with  part  of  a  bowl  lying  to  one  side. 
A  former  digging  had  seemingly  carried  away  the  other  part. 

Burial  No.  36. — Inverted  and  lying  over  a  child's  skull  crushed  flat,  was  a 
small,  circular  dish  of  black  ware  very  badly  broken.  There  is  a  certain  amount  of 
incised  decoration  on  the  inner  surface.  The  base  has  a  perforation.  This  bowl 
was  sent  to  the  Peabody  Museum. 

Burial  No.  37. — The  skull  of  a  young  adult  was  covered  by  an  inverted  bowl 
badly  crushed,  having  an  incised  decoration  much  like  the  design  shown  on  Vessel 
No.  41  (Fig.  35)  from  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp.  This  bowl  has  been  sent  to 
the  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

With  the  skull  were :  two  shell  ear-plugs ;  two  iron  nails ;  a  section  of  shell 
somewhat  worked;  a  quartz  pebble;  three  bits  of  chert;  an  imperforate  vase  of 
black  ware  with  incised  decoration,  lying  on  its  side,  5.5  inches  in  maximum 
diameter  of  body  and  4.25  inches  in  height  (Fig.  4). 

Burial  No.  38. — Over  the  skull  of  an  adolescent  lay  a  bowl  of  brown  ware 
having  the  body  encircled  by  two  incised  lines  below  the  margin.  One  handle 
which  had  stood  upright  above  the  rim,  and  was  probably  the  head  of  a  bird  or  of  a 
quadruped,  is  missing.  The  other  handle,  semi-oval  in  shape,  extends  at  right 
angles  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  bowl.  There  is  a  basal  perforation.  This 
bowl  has  been  sent  to  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

Burial  No.  39. — Two  skulls,  one  of  an  adult,  the  other  of  a  child,  and  a  bit  of 
femur  were  covered  by  a  bowl  with  base-perforation,  13.25  inches  in  maximum 
diameter,  6.5  inches  in  height  (Fig.  5).  The  decoration,  incised,  consists  of  a 
series  of  the  figures  shown  in  the  half-tone  reproduction.  Professor  Holmes 
believes  the  central  one  to  be  a  conventional  animal  head  with  conventionalized 
parts  of  the  body  on  either  side. 

Burial  No.  40. — A  pit  running  from  the  surface  to  the  base  of  the  mound, 

55  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


428   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


V 

/  •  •       • 

'• 


FIG.  4.— Vessel  with  Burial  No.  37.     Mound  at  Bear  Point.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  5.— Vessel  with  Burial  No.  39.     Mound  at  Bear  Point.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    429 


which  at  this  point  was  about  4  feet  down.  Toward  the  bottom  of  this  pit  had 
been  thrown  two  skulls  and  some  other  bones  not  in  contact,  but  separated  by  a 
certain  amount  of  sand.  Above  all  these  more  sand  had  been  placed,  and  then  a 
small  pile  of  bones  consisting  of  certain  long-bones,  a  clavicle  and  a  skull  which 
was  badly  crushed.  Immediately  above  these,  forming  an  apex  to  the  pile  was  the 
skull  of  an  adult  capped  by  an  inverted  bowl  broken  but  since  pieced  together. 


FIG.  6.— Vessel  with  Burial  No.  40.     Mound  at  Bear  Point.     (Half  size.) 

This  bowl,  11.75  inches  in  maximum  diameter  and  5.5  inches  high,  has  a  small 
basal  perforation.  The  decoration  consists  of  two  animal  paws  between  a  design 
made  up  of  parallel  curved  lines  surmounted  by  a  punctate  line.  The  small  addi 
tion  to  this  design  shown  in  the  half-tone  occurs  but  once,  and  was  probably  inserted 
to  fill  space  (Fig.  6).  Beneath  one  of  the 
skulls  was  a  piece  of  iron. 

Burial  No.  41. — An  inverted  bowl  of 
black  ware,  parts  of  which  were  not  found, 
lay  over  what  had  perhaps  been  a  burial 
of  which  practically  nothing  remained. 

Burial  No.  42. — A  skull  with  some 
long-bones,  having  in  association  a  discoi- 
dal  stone  of  volcanic  rock,  3.5  inches  in 
diameter,  and  an  object  of  iron,  probably 
the  handle  of  a  cutlass. 

Burial  No.  43. — In  a  broad  pit  reach 
ing  almost  to  the  base  of  the  mound  were  scattered  five  skulls  and  a  great  mixture 
of  other  bones,  mostly  long-bones. 

Several  small  vessels  were  found  unassociated.     A  vase  of  black  ware  (Fig.  7), 


FIG.  7. — Vessel  of  earthenware.     Mound  at  Bear 
Point.     (Half  size.) 


430    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

imperforate,  has  incised  decoration.  Its  maximum  diameter  is  5.1  inches;  its 
height,  3  inches.  This  vase  lay  inverted,  but  unassociated  with  human  remains. 
Probably  recent  digging  had  removed  them. 

In  form  and  style  of  decoration  the  vessels  surmounting  burials  in  the  Bear 
Point  mound  resemble  somewhat  those  found  by  us  capping  urns  on  the  Alabama 
river,  but  while  the  earthenware  on  the  Alabama  usually  contains  a  large  admix 
ture  of  pounded  shell,  that  of  Bear  Point,  as  a  rule,  has  no  shell,  and  where  it  is 
present,  it  is  finely  powdered  and  appears  here  and  there  in  the  vessel  sparsely. 

Sherds  came  from  the  mound  in  great  numbers  and  in  considerable  variety. 
Some  had  been  dropped  singly  during  the  making  of  _  ______  __ 

the    mound,  while    others    lay 

together  in   undisturbed  sand. 

On  the  surface,  where  diggers 

had  thrown  it,  was  much  bro- 
FIG.  adoration  on  sherd.     ken  ware,  and    quantities    lay 


tnrd  «!  P°int'     in    their    refilled    excavations. 

(One-third  size.)  _  FlG  g._Decoration  on  sherd.     Mound  at 

Among   the   Sherds,  loose  in  the  Bear  Point.     (One-third  size.) 

sand,  were  several  with  complicated  stamp  decoration. 

Others  had  the  loop-shaped  handle  so  common  in  the  middle  Mississippi  district 
and  which  we  found  along  the  Alabama  river.  Fig.  8  shows  a  "  wall  of  Troy  " 
decoration  from  a  sherd  in  the  Bear  Point  mound.  Another  sherd  has  a  complica 
ted  and  very  neatly  incised  decoration  as  shown  in  Fig.  9.  Various  animal  heads, 
handles  of  vessels,  were  met  with,  several  together  beneath  the  roots  of  a  large  tree. 

In  Fig.  10  we  show  a  number  of  these  handles  of  vessels  :  a,  probably  the  head 
of  a  deer  ;  6,  a  human  head  with  the  ears  pierced,  a  duplicate  to  one  found  near  by, 
doubtless  from  the  same  vessel;  c,  a  quail's  head;  d,  undetermined;  e,  head  of  a 
duck  ;  f,  a  rabbit's  head. 

Throughout  the  mound,  with  human  remains  at  times  and  again  loose  in  the 
sand,  where  perhaps  they  had  been  thrown  by  recent  digging,  were  many  pieces  of 
red  oxide  of  iron  of  a  bright  crimson  color,  some  showing  where  parts  had  been 
chipped  off,  probably  for  grinding,  and  others  having  a  concave  surface  where 
material  had  been  rubbed  out  for  use  as  paint.  With  the  red  oxide,  at  places,  was 
limonite  for  yellow  paint.  When  Cabec,a  de  Vaca  was  living  with  the  aborigines  of 
Charruco  he  made  little  trading  trips  to  the  westward  going  to  the  same  Perdido 
bay  where  we  found  this  paint  in  such  abundance.  He  tells  us  (page  54),  "  such 
were  what  I  carried  into  the  interior  *  *  *  [conches  that  are  used  for  cutting, 
etc.]  ,  and  in  barter  for  them  I  brought  back  skins,  ochre  with  which  they  rub  and 
color  their  faces,  and  flint  for  arrowpoints,  cement  and  hard  canes  of  which  to  make 
arrows,  and  tassels  that  are  made  of  the  hair  of  deer,  ornamented  and  dyed  red." 

Five  hammer-stones  lay  together. 

Loose  in  the  sand,  but  probably  in  many  cases  disassociated  from  human 
remains  by  the  constant  digging  to  which  the  mound  had  been  subjected,  were  : 
many  hammer-stones  ;  pebble-hammers  ;  hones  deeply  grooved  by  sharpening  of 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   431 


Fi«.  10.— Handles  of  vessels.     Mound  at  Bear  Point.     (Full  size.) 


432    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

tools ;  over  one  dozen  arrowheads  or  knives ;  two  "  celts "  apparently  of  sedimen 
tary  rock,  each  over  five  inches  in  length ;  two  small  chisels ,  seven  discoidal 
stones  of  various  rocks,  including  porphyry1  and  shaly  ferruginous  sandstone,  1.1 
to  2.75  inches  in  diameter. 

In  this  mound,  for  the  first  time  in  our  experience,  we  met  with  a  form  of 
burial  where  a  solitary  skull,  or  a  skull  with  a  few  bones,  is  covered  by  an  inverted 
bowl.  In  peninsular  Florida  we  have  not  found  vessels  used  to  cover  interments. 
In  Georgia,  urns  containing  single  skeletons  and  capped  by  inverted  bowls  are 
found,  also  cremated  remains  similarly  treated  or  placed  upon  the  ground  with  a 
bowl  turned  over  them.  On  the  Alabama  river,  where  we  met  with  crema 
tion  but  once,  we  found  large  vessels,  capped  by  others  inverted,  sometimes 
containing  remains  of  several  individuals.  The  reader  will  see  that  the  form  of 
burial  noticed  at  the  Bear  Point  mound  continues  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
Florida  coast. 

In  the  Bear  Point  mound  were  many  objects  of  European  provenance,  showing 
some  of  the  burials  at  least  to  be  of  post-Columbian  date.  This  mound  clearly 
adds  to  the  force  of  what  we  have  always  maintained,  that  when  articles  were 
valued  by  the  aborigines,  they  were  interred  with  the  dead,  and  that  it  is  unlikely 
that  a  mound  of  any  size  containing  no  objects  showing  white  contact,  was  made 
after  intercourse  with  whites  was  begun. 

MOUND  NEAR  BEAR  POINT,  PERDIDO  BAY,  BALDWIN  COUNTY,  ALA. 

About  one  mile  W.  S.  W.  from  Bear  Point,  in  a  garden  belonging  to  Mr.  Bill, 
resident  on  the  place,  is  a  mound  with  shell-fields  adjoining.  The  mound,  much 
spread  by  continual  ploughing,  has  a  present  height  of  30  inches,  a  base  diameter 
of  48  feet.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  original  dimensions  and  inadvisable  to 
give  them  from  hearsay.  The  entire  southern  half  of  the  mound,  from  the  margin 
and  central  parts  of  the  northern  portion,  were  dug  through  by  us  showing  the 
mound  to  be  of  unstratified  sand.  There  had  been  some  comparatively  recent 
disturbance. 

Burials  were  first  encountered  19  feet  from  the  center.  Seven  in  all  were  met 
with,  consisting  of  bunches  of  bones  badly  decayed,  rather  loosely  deposited,  some 
times  with,  and  sometimes  without,  the  skull. 

Two  arrowheads,  one  of  quartz,  were  with  the  burials,  also  numerous  sherds, 
the  small  check-stamp  predominating.  Others  were  undecorated  or  had  incised 
lines  or  punctate  markings,  or  a  larger  check-stamp.  Several  bits  of  fine,  smooth 
ware  bore  bright  crimson  paint.  None  of  the  sherds,  so  far  as  noticed,  had  inter 
mixture  of  pounded  shell,  though  ware  of  this  kind  lay  on  the  surface  of  adjacent 
shell-heaps. 

In  the  mound,  also,  were  hammer-stones,  hones  and  bitumen  which,  as  we 
have  said,  was  used  as  cement. 

1  Theodore  D.  Rand,  Esq.,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  has  kindly  determined  for  us 
the  rocks  mentioned  in  this  Report,  as  accurately  as  possible  without  mutilation  of  specimens. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    433 

MOUND  NEAR  JOSEPHINE  POSTOFFICE,  PERDIDO  BAY,  BALDWIN  COUNTY,  ALA. 

A  small  sand  mound  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  a  northerly  direction 
from  the  landing  at  Josephine  Postoffice,  in  pine-woods,  was  dug  through  by  us 
without  result.  The  mound  was  doubtless  the  former  site  of  a  tepee. 

At  Inerarity  Point,  on  the  Florida  side  of  the  bay  (see  map),  are  numerous 
shell-fields  and  small  shell-heaps.  In  addition  to  extended  inquiries,  careful  search 
failed  to  locate  a  burial  mound  at  this  place. 

MOUND  NEAR  MAESTER  CREEK,  BLACKWATER  BAY,  SANTA  ROSA  COUNTY,  FLA. 

Blackwater  bay  is  an  extension  of  East  bay,  which  is  a  part  of  Pensacola  bay. 
The  mound,  in  sight  of  where  Maester  creek  enters  Blackwater  bay,  was  dug 
through  by  us  by  permission  of  Mr.  Frank  Berrian,  agent,  who  resides  nearby. 
The  mound,  of  sand,  circular  in  outline,  3  feet  high,  30  feet  across  the  base, 
unstratified,  had  been  dug  into  in  two  places  by  treasure  hunters. 

In  addition  to  bones  disturbed  by  former  digging,  and  to  burials  of  which 
almost  no  trace  was  left,  human  remains  were  met  with  by  us  at  sixteen  points. 
The  form  of  burial  included  the  bunch,  the  lone  skull,  and,  in  one  place,  a  bunch 
of  long-bones  without  a  skull. 

Beneath  a  cranium,  together,  were  six  cannon  bones  of  the  deer.  Five  were 
broken  or  partly  decayed.  One  showed  an  end  cut  off  squarely  and  seemingly  had 
served  as  a  handle  of  some  sort.  A  lancepoint  of  chalcedony,  5.5  inches  long,  lay 
loose  in  the  sand,  also  an  arrowpoint  of  the  same  material  and  one  of  quartzite.  In 
addition  were  a  grooved  hone  and  a  small  slab  of  red  oxide  of  iron,  showing  a  con 
cavity  through  use.  A  number  of  masses  of  bitumen,  one  about  the  size  of  a  cocoa- 
nut  lay  together.  We  have  before  referred  to  how  Cabega  de  Vaca  made  trading 
excursions  from  Charruco,  an  aboriginal  settlement  which  cannot  have  been  far 
from  this  mound,  over  to  the  head  of  Perdido  bay,  and  brought  back,  among  other 
things,  ochre  to  be  used  as  paint  and  cement  which  we  know  to  have  been  bitumen, 
in  all  probability. 

The  earthenware  in  the  mound  consisted  of  five  vessels,  all  deposited  singly  in 
the  extreme  marginal  western  part  of  the  mound  between  south  and  northwest. 
They  were  unassociated. 

Vessel  No.  1. — A  perforate  vase  with  semi-globular  body,  constricted  neck  and 
rim  slightly  flaring.  The  decoration  consists  of  roughly  incised  perpendicular  lines 
around  the  neck  starting  from  a  punctate  circle  about  one-half  inch  below  the  rim. 
Maximum  diameter,  6.25  inches ;  height,  5  inches ;  diameter  of  opening,  4.5  inches. 

Vessel  No.  2. — A  bowl  of  excellent  ware,  semi-globular  body,  incurving  toward 
the  aperture,  and  perforate  base.  The  decoration  consists  of  incised  and  punctate 
markings  (Fig.  11).  Maximum  diameter,  9  inches;  depth,  5  inches;  diameter  of 
opening,  6.2  inches. 


434   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  11. — Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  near  Maester  creek.     (About  seven-ninths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  3. — A  bowl  found  inverted,  oblate  spheroid  in  shape,  imperforate. 
The  ware  is  fairly  good.  The  decoration  consists  of  incised  lines  and  punctate 
markings  around  the  rim  as  shown  in  Fig.  12. 

Vessel  No.  4. — A  bowl  badly  broken,  with  faint  check  stamp  markings. 

Vessel  No.  5. — An  undecorated  bowl  of  about  three  quarts  capacity.  The 
base  has  a  perforation. 


Flo.  12.— Vessel  No.  3.     Mound  near  Maestcr  creek.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   435 

MOUND  NEAR  GRAVEYARD  POINT,  EAST  BAY,  SANTA  ROSA  COUNTY,  FLA. 

The  locality  takes  its  name  from  a  modern  graveyard  adjoining  a  small  church. 
The  church,  which  faces  the  water,  is  in  full  sight  of  the  mound,  which  has  been 
under  cultivation  and  seems  greatly  extended  by  it.  The  mound  is  roughly  circu 
lar  in  outline.  Its  present  diameter  is  about  75  feet;  its  height,  2.5  feet.  Careful 
trenching  convinced  us  that  the  mound  was  domiciliary  in  character. 

Two  and  one-half  miles  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  mound  at  Graveyard 
Point  we  dug  through,  without  result,  a  small  mound  in  woods,  where  treasure 
seekers  had  left  a  considerable  excavation. 

Other  small  mounds  located  during  a  careful  search  of  ba}-s  around  Pensacola 
had  been  too  badly  cut  to  pieces  by  seekers  after  treasure  to  invite  investigation. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  SANTA  ROSA  SOUND,  SANTA  ROSA  COUNTY,  FLA.  (2). 

About  twelve  miles  from  the  western  extremity  of  Santa  Rosa  sound,  northern 
side,  on  ground  formerly  cultivated,  and  in  full  view  of  the  water,  were  undergrowth 
removed,  are  two  mounds  but  a  few  yards  apart,  surrounded  by  a  considerable  shell 
deposit.  Each  has  been  much  spread  by  the  plough. 

The  larger  mound,  circular  in  outline,  has  a  base  diameter  of  81  feet.  The 
summit  plateau  is  52  feet  across.  The  height  of  the  mound  is  3.5  feet.  To  the 
northwest  is  an  excavation  80  feet  across  and  5  feet  9  inches  deep  in  the  center, 
whence  sand  was  taken  for  the  building  of  the  mound.  Careful  trenching  indicated 
the  mound  to  be  domiciliary  in  character. 

The  smaller  mound,  26  feet  across  the  base  and  2  feet  9  inches  high,  had  been 
built  after  the  thin  shell  deposit  which  covered  the  field  was  made,  since  this  deposit 
extended  beneath  the  mound.  Above  this  shell  was  from  1  to  1.5  feet  of  sand  in 
which  were  numbers  of  burials.  Such  as  were  met  with  by  us  in  digging  part  of 
the  mound  lay  flexed  on  the  right  side  or  showed  disturbance,  probably  aboriginal. 
There  were  no  artifacts  with  the  remains,  and  such  sherds  as  were  met  with  had 
evidently  been  gathered  with  the  material  for  the  mound.  These  sherds  showed 
variously  the  check-stamp,  the  complicated  stamp,  incised  decoration  and  crimson 
paint. 

MOUNDS  AT  WALTON'S  CAMP,  SANTA  ROSA  SOUND,  SANTA  ROSA  COUNTY,  FLA. 

Walton's  Camp,  which  got  its  name  during  the  Civil  War,  is  near  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Santa  Rosa  sound,  northern  side,  on  property  belonging  to  Mr.  J.  T. 
Brooks,  resident  on  the  place. 

At  the  water's  edge  is  a  shell-heap  of  considerable  size.  About  150  yards  in  a 
N.  E.  by  N.  direction,  across  a  cultivated  field,  on  the  edge  of  woods,  is  a  mound 
roughly  oblong  with  rounded  corners,  having  a  major  diameter  of  base  of  223  feet 
east  and  west,  parallel  to  the  sound.  The  minor  base-diameter  is  178  feet.  The 
summit  plateau  is  179  feet  by  135  feet. 

56  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


436   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

A  graded  way,  78  feet  from  its  beginning  to  the  edge  of  the  summit  plateau, 
joins  the  mound  on  the  southern  side,  somewhat  east  of  the  center. 

The  mound  is  so  surrounded  by  depressions,  whence  material  for  its  construc 
tion  was  taken,  that  its  exact  height  above  the  general  level  is  difficult  to  get  from 
the  exterior.  From  a  point  on  the  southern  side  the  altitude  is  10  feet,  7  inches; 
from  the  northern  side,  12  feet.  In  the  digging  it  was  found  that  the  depth  of  the 
mound  from  the  surface  of  the  summit  plateau  to  the  base  was  probably  about  12 
feet  on  an  average. 

There  had  been  much  previous  digging,  the  entire  central  portion  of  the  mound 
being  fairly  riddled  with  excavations. 

During  our  investigation  eleven  men  on  an  average  dug  for  seven  days.  This 
digging  consisted  of  trenching  at  various  points  to  determine  the  construction  of  the 


Hi    mwnu  AT  WALTON  S  CAMP 

Seel  tin  (ft! 


FIG.  13. — Plan  of  mound  at  Walton's  Camp,  showing  excavations. 

mound ;  the  removal  of  a  large  part  of  the  summit  plateau  to  a  depth  of  from  3  to 
5  feet;  the  investigation  of  much  of  the  marginal  portion  on  the  northern  side  of 
the  mound  (see  diagram,  Fig.  13,  on  which  our  principal  work  is  shown). 

Not  far  from  the  base,  on  the  northern  side,  a  trench  67  feet  across  at  the  start 
was  continued  in  about  75  feet,  converging  to  45  feet  at  the  end.  This  trench  did 
not  follow  the  base  after  sufficient  work  had  been  done  to  show  we  were  dealing 
with  a  mound  originally  used  for  domiciliary  purposes  and  later  heightened  and 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   437 

broadened  much  in  the  manner  of  the  mound  at  Bear  Point,  and  of  others  of  this 
class  found  elsewhere  by  us.  Since  writing  our  conclusions  on  this  subject  we  have, 
on  our  return,  read  Mr.  Walker's  account  of  his  visit  to  this  mound,  and  find  he, 
also,  realized  the  fact  of  its  enlargement  at  various  periods. 

Not  far  from  the  margin  on  the  northern  side,  a  black  band  about  7  inches 
thick  was  met  with -4  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound,  approximately.  This 
band,  like  the  one  in  the  mound  at  Bear  Point,  colored  by  charcoal  and  organic 
matter,  was  the  ordinary  layer  of  occupation.  The  band  did  not  continue  through 
the  mound,  and  was  not  found  at  the  extremities  or  in  the  southern  portion. 

The  central  part  of  the  summit  plateau,  say  about  55  feet  in  diameter,  had 
been  heightened  about  2  feet  by  a  layer  of  shell  covered  with  sand.  Where  this 
layer  began,  on  the  northern  side,  it  was  from  6  to  8  inches  in  thickness.  This 
deposit  of  shell  and  sand  was  not  taken  into  account  in  our  measurement  of  the 
height  of  the  mound. 

No  burials  were  met  with  in  the  northern  part  of  the  mound  until  35  feet  in 
from  the  margin  of  the  summit  plateau,  and  then  only  disturbed  fragments  left  by 
former,  digging,  no  intact  burials  being  found  prior  to  the  abandonment  of  the  trench 
almost  at  the  center  of  the  mound.  The  western  end  and  the  northeastern  portion 
of  the  mound  showed  no  trace  of  use  as  places  of  interment. 

Beginning  almost  exactly  at  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  plateau  and  extend 
ing  a  little  down  the  slope  were  burials,  many  of  which  were  capped  by  inverted 
vessels  of  earthenware.  The  area  where  burials  with  earthenware  were  most 
numerous  extended  39  feet  to  the  westward  and  32  feet  to  the  northward  of  this 
southeastern  corner.  But  one  large  vessel  was  found  farther  in  and  a  few  small 
ones  which  accompanied,  but  did  not  lie  over,  burials.  Interments  uncovered  by 
boAvls  extended  considerably  farther  into  the  mound  and  to  the  westward  from 
where  the  covered  burials  lay.  Burials,  then,  in  the  mound  were  about  as  follows : 
in  the  area  to  the  southeast,  as  described  by  us,  wrere  various  forms  of  burial,  includ 
ing  some  of  the  variety  met 'with  by  us  at  the  Bear  Point  mound,  where  lone  skulls, 
or  skulls  with  a  few  bones,  were  capped  by  inverted  bowls.  In  the  extreme  south 
ern  portion  of  the  central  part  of  the  mound  were  burials  without  the  down-turned 
bowl,  and  in  the  northern  part  of  the  center,  presumably  the  same  form  of  burial 
had  existed,  as  parts  of  large  bowls  were  not  found  with  the  disturbed  remains,  but 
all  this  area,  except  the  comparatively  small  portion  to  the  south,  which  was  exca 
vated  by  us,  had  been  so  thoroughly  dug  into  by  others  that  exact  determination  as 
to  form  of  burial  was  impossible.  Still,  judging  from  the  absence  of  fragments  of 
large  vessels,  to  which  we  have  referred,  and  that  there  is  no  history  of  the  finding 
of  vessels  there,  we  believe  all  the  burials  in  this  central  area  were  similar  in  form 
to  those  met  with  by  us  in  its  southern  margin.  Roughly  speaking,  that  part  of  the 
mound  where  all  burials  were  without  earthenware  corresponded  with  the  central 
shell  deposit  of  which  we  have  spoken,  and  which  is  shown  on  the  plan,  and  we 
believe  this  shell  deposit  was  placed  in  the  mound  in  connection  with  these  burials. 

It  has  seldom  been  our  fortune  to  investigate  a  mound  where  exact  determina- 


438    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


tion  of  burials  was  so  difficult,  for,  in  addition  to  the  great  amount  of  later  disturb 
ance,  aboriginal  burials  were  so  spread  that  it  was  difficult  to  say  where  one  burial 
ended  and  another  began.  According  to  our  account,  kept  with  the  strictest  atten 
tion,  66  burials  were  met  with,  none,  we  believe,  over  3  feet  in  depth.  Such  of 
these  as  were  accompanied  by  vessels  of  earthenware  will  be  described,  particularly, 
later.  Other  burials  were  some  at  full  length,  some  bunched.  In  addition,  there 
were  solitary  skulls  and  fragmentary  parts  of  the  skeleton.  Cremation  was  absent. 
Few  artifacts,  save  earthenware,  were  met  with,  either  loose  in  the  sand  or 
with  the  dead.  There  were :  pebble-hammers ;  three  large,  flat  hones  of  fine 
grained  ferruginous  sandstone;  shell  beads  with  a  number  of  burials;  two  shell 
hair-pins ;  three  discoidal  stones,  one  of  granitoid  rock ;  two  rude  cutting  imple 
ments  of  quartzite;  two  hatchets,  one,  9  inches  long,  of  indurated  slate;  a  flat 

chisel  of  the  same  material,  7  inches 
long ;  a  bead  of  bone,  2  inches  in  length  ; 
several  masses  of  red  oxide  of  iron,  hol 
lowed  out  by  use  as  paint ;  a  bead  of  red 
jasper,  1  inch  in  length  ;  many  arrow  and 
spear  points,  some  loose  in  the  sand, 
others  with  interments.  In  addition, 
was  a  lancehead  3.6  inches  in  length 

C 

and  2.6  inches  broad,  of  most  unusual 
form,  being  heart-shaped  as  to  outline. 
Mr.  Rand  is  unable  to  identify  the  rock 
of  which  this  lancepoint  was  made,  with 
out  mutilating  the  specimen.  Upon  the 
material  is  a  deposit  which  at  first  was 
supposed  to  be  calcareous,  but  which 
failed  to  react  with  acid  (Fig.  14).  This 
interesting  specimen  lay  with  two  arrow- 
points  near  an  adult  skull. 

The  earthenware  in  the  mound  at 
Walton's  Camp  was  its  especial  feature. 
Forty-nine  vessels,  more  or  less  com 
plete,  were  taken  out  by  us  in  addition 
to  some  small  ones  badly  broken,  which,  showing  no  feature  of  particular  interest, 
and  not  in  association  with  burials,  will  not  be  described  by  us. 

Many  vessels  among  those  taken  out,  we  regret  to  say,  were  broken  by  our 
men  since,  lying  superficially  beneath  masses  of  roots,  they  were,  of  necessity, 
exposed  to  blows  from  spades  or  axes.  Many  more  were  found  crushed  to  pieces 
by  roots  or  by  weight  of  sand,  aided,  no  doubt,  by  the  effect  of  frost. 

In  the  mound,  with  whole  vessels,  were  great  numbers  of  fragments  in  undis 
turbed  sand.  Sometimes  parts  of  vessels  had  been  interred,  and  often  parts,  broken 
to  pieces,  lay  in  a  little  pile.  Again,  numbers  of  fragments  were  heaped  together. 


Flo.  14. — Lancepoint.     Mound  at  Walton's  Cauip. 
(Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   439 

These  often  carne  from  many  vessels,  being  a  few  parts  of  each  so  that  it  seemed  as 
though  fragments,  usually  decorated,  had  been  saved  for  burial  in  the  mound. 
These  heaps  were  not  found  immediately  with  human  remains  and  were  probably 
buried  in  a  general  way.  We  shall  have  occasion  again  to  speak  of  this  custom  in 
describing  the  cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 

All  through  the  mound  were  single  fragments  of  vessels  which  had  got  in  dur 
ing  the  period  of  occupation  or  with  sand  from  neighboring  fields  during  construc 
tion.  These  sherds  bore,  as  a  rule,  the  check-stamp  as  decoration  and  also  various 
combinations  of  the  complicated  stamp.  We  found  no  stamped  earthenware  in 
conjunction  with  burials,  though  there  was  abundance  of  it  in  fragments  on  the  sur 
face  of  surrounding  fields  where  the  aborigines  had  lived.  It  would  seem,  then, 
that  the  stamped  decoration  was  in  use  on  vessels  intended  for  domestic  purposes 
and  not  on  mortuary  ware. 

There  is  a  wide  range  in  the  quality  of  the  ware  from  the  mound  at  Walton's 
Camp.  Some  is  excellent,  much  is  inferior.  As  in  the  ware  in  the  Bear  Point 
mound,  small  quantities  of  finely  pounded  shell  are  present  in  places,  that  is  to  say 
locally  and  not  in  even  mixture  throughout  the  vessel.  There  is  one  exception, 
however,  a  small  vessel  where  shell  coarsely  pounded  shows  on  the  surface  even,  as 
is  often  the  case  on  vessels  of  the  middle  Mississippi  district  and  from  the  Alabama 
river.  The  loop-shaped  handle,  so  often  found  in  the  districts  we  have  just  named, 
was  present  in  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 

A  number  of  heads  of  earthenware,  which  had  served  as  handles  on  vessels, 
were  loose  in  the  sand. 

The  predominating  forms  of  ware  in  this  mound  were  the  bowl  and  the  dish, 
and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  a  form  of  dish  entirely  new,  we  believe,  was  dis 
covered  by  us,  namely,  a  six-pointed,  or  star-shaped  style. 

Perforation  of  the  base  of  vessels  was  almost  universal  in  this  mound,  not  only 
in  the  case  of  those  buried  directly  with  dead,  but  fragments  which  included  the 
base  had  also  the  perforation,  though  the  remainder  of  the  vessels  was  not  present. 
We  are  unable  to  decide  whether  parts  of  vessels  were  "killed"  before  interment  in 
the  heaps  of  ware  we  have  described,  or  whether  vessels,  having  undergone  perfor 
ation,  were  broken  and  then  scattered  here  and  there  in  the  mound. 

In  peninsular  Florida  we  noted,  and  were  first  to  describe,  a  curious  custom, 
an  account  of  which  we  take  from  one  of  our  preceding  publications.  "  This  was 
the  only  occurrence  in  the  mound  of  ready-made  mortuary  ware.  For  the  benefit 
of  those  not  familiar  with  our  previous  Reports  on  the  Florida  mounds,  we  may  say 
that  it  was  the  custom  in  that  State  often  to  knock  out  the  bottom,  or  to  make  a 
hole  through  the  bottom,  of  earthenware  vessels,  previous  to  inhumation  with  the 
dead,  and  that  this  custom  is  believed  to  have  been  practised  with  the  idea  that  the 
mutilation  '  killed '  the  vessel,  freeing  its  soul  to  accompany  that  of  its  owner  into 
the  next  world.  Apparently,  however,  it  entered  the  minds  of  the  more  thrifty 
among  the  aborigines  that  vessels  of  value  might  serve  a  better  purpose,  and  hence 
there  arose  a  class  of  ceremonial  ware,  usually  small  in  size,  often  of  fantastic 


440   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

design  and  always  of  flimsy  material,  with  bases  perforated  during  the  process  of 
manufacture.  This  cheap  ware  was  probably  kept  on  hand  and  did  duty  for 
vessels  more  valuable  and  less  readily  spared." 

In  the  mound  at  Walton's 
Camp  we  met  with  this  ready- 
made  mortuary  ware  in  one  case 
only,  the  most  westwardly  occur 
rence  in  our  experience.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  this  fact  since 
perforation  of  the  base  made  after 
completion  of  the  vessel  occurs  to 
the  westward  and  up  the  Alabama 
river,  though  sparingly. 

We  shall  now  give  a  descrip 
tion  of  the  various  vessels  taken 
from  the  mound  by  us  and  of 
their  finding. 

Vessel  No.  1. — A  vase,  per 
forate  as  to  base,  found  lying  on 
its  side  near  human  remains.  The 

body,    oblate    Spheroid,    is    deCOra-  FlG-  15-~ Vessel  No.  1.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 

ted  with  the  current  scroll.  The  neck,  slightly  flaring,  has  incised  and  punctate 
decoration  as  shown  in  Fig.  15.  Height,  6  inches;  maximum  diameter.  5.5  inches. 
This  vessel,  when  found,  had  parts  missing,  and,  in  addition,  was  struck  by  a  spade. 


FIG.  16. — Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (One-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  2. — An  imperforate  bowl  found  inverted  over  the  skull  and  some 
bones  of  a  child,  with  which  were  two  shell  hair-pins  and  an  arrowpoint  or  knife. 
This  bowl  is  15.4  inches  in  maximum  diameter  /ind  7  inches  in  depth.  It  has  an 
interesting  incised  symbolical  decoration.  The  design,  which  is  repeated  around 
the  vessel,  is  shown  in  Fig.  16. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    441 


Vessel  No.  3. — This  bowl  was  found  in  four  pieces  with  fragments  of  other 
vessels.     Cemented  together,  it  measures  6.5  inches  in  maximum  diameter  and  2.8 
inches  in  depth.    There  is  a  basal 
perforation.     The  decoration,  in 
cised  and  punctate,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  17. 

Vessel  No.  4. — This  vessel, 
of  inferior  ware  and  without  deco 
ration  save  a  scalloped  margin, 
lay  crushed  to  fragments  near  a 
single  skull  with  which  were  four 

arrowpoints     Or     knives     and     the  FIG.  17.— Vessel  No.  3.    Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.    (Half  size.) 

curious  lancepoint  we  have  figured. 

Vessel  No.  5. — A  circular  dish  of  inferior  black  ware  inverted  over  a  few 
phalanges.  The  decoration,  rather  rudely  done,  is  incised.  The  basal  perforation 
is  to  one  side  of  the  center.  Diameter,  13  inches;  depth,  2.5  inches  (Fig.  18). 


FIG.  18.— Vessel  No.  5.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (One-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  6. — A  bowl  found  crushed  to  pieces,  inverted  over  a  solitary  skull. 
The  base  has  a  perforation.  The  decoration,  a  species  of  scroll,  is  incised.  The 
fragments  were  sent  to  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  whence  the  photo- 


442   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

graph  used  in  the  half-tone  was  furnished  us  with  the  measurements :  maximum 
diameter,  17.25  inches;  depth,  5.75  inches  (Fig.  19). 

Vessel  No.  7. — The  larger  part  of  a  six-pointed  dish  of  black  ware,  found  in 
fragments  and  sent  to  the  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Davenport, 
Iowa.  We  shall  have  occasion,  later,  to  refer  to  this  type. 


FIG.  19. — Vessel  No.  6.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Two-sevenths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  8. — A  bowl,  broken,  with  base  perforation,  found  lying  about  2  feet 
from  a  bunched  burial,  at  an  angle  of  about  forty-five  degrees,  aperture  up.  It  has 
been  pieced  together  and  sent  to  the  Museum  at  Memorial  Hall,  Fair-mount  Park, 
Philadelphia.  The  decoration,  incised,  is  much  like  that  on  Vessel  No.  40  (Fig. 
102)  from  the  cemetery  near  Point  Washington.  Maximum  diameter,  10.2  inches; 
depth,  4.1  inches. 

Vessel  No.  9. — This  vessel,  much  resembling  a  cap  in  shape  with  visor  before 
and  behind,  is  said  to  belong  to  a  class  modelled  after  trays  of  wood.  It  is  unbroken 


FIG.  20. — Vessel  No.  9.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 

save  for  a  basal  perforation.  It  is  of  yellow  ware,  and  is  notched  around  the 
margin  except  at  the  handles.  There  is  an  incised  meander  decoration.  Major 
diameter,  10.5  inches;  minor  diameter,  8.25  inches;  depth,  3.6  inches  (Fig.  20). 
It  lay,  inverted,  over  a  single  fragment  of  bone,  though  others  had  probably 
disappeared  through  decay. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   443 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  small  bowl  found  with  many  fragments  of  earthenware  just 
below  the  sin-face. 

Vessel  No.  11. — This  interesting  bowl  of  excellent  red  ware  is  intact  with  the 
exception  of  a  mortuary  perforation.  It  lay,  inverted,  over  the  skull  of  an  adult, 
the  skull  of  an  adolescent,  a  few  vertebras  and  the  clavicle  of  a  child.  The  deco 
ration,  incised,  uniform  all  around,  consists  of  a  series  of  conventionalized  heads  in 
which  the  eye  and  teeth  are  prominent.  Maximum  diameter,  15.25  inches;  depth, 
6  inches  (Fig.  21). 


FIG.  21.— Vessel  No.  11.     Mound  at  Waltou's  Camp.     (About  half  size.) 

Vessels  Nos.  12  and  13. — Small  bowls  from  the  same  deposit  as  Vessel  No.  10. 
One  has  three  small  handles.  A  fourth  handle  is  missing.  The  other,  with  incised 
and  punctate  decoration  much  resembling  that  on  Vessel  No.  24,  this  mound,  has 
been  sent  to  Memorial  Hall,  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia.  Both  vessels  are  per 
forate  as  to  the  base. 

Vessels  Nos.  14,  15,  16. — Vessel  No.  14,  a  counterpart  of  Vessel  No.  9,  this 
mound,  lay  inverted,  in  fragments,  on  a  dish  of  black  ware  also  inverted.  This 
dish,  with  incised  and  punctate  decoration,  is  six  pointed,  or  star-shaped.  There 
is  a  base-perforation.  Maximum  diameter,  14.75  inches;  depth,  3  inches  (Fig.  22). 
This  interesting  type,  as  we  have  stated,  we  believe  to  be  new.  Professor  Putnam 
and  Professor  Holmes  had  not  seen  it  previously.  Partly  between  Vessels  Nos.  14 
and  15  lay  a  portion  of  a  vessel  in  fragments.  All  this  ware  lay  above  an  infant's 
skull.  Vessel  No.  14j  pieced  together,  has  been  sent  to  Memorial  Hall,  Fairmount 
Park,  Philadelphia. 

Vessels  Nos.  17  and  18. — Small  bowls  found  together  just  below  the  surface 
apart  from  human  remains. 

Vessels  Nos.  19  and  20. — Vessel  No.  19,  a  circular  dish  of  crude  black  ware, 

57  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


444    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

8.5  inches  in  diameter  and  1.5  inches  in  depth,  having  incised  decoration  on  the 
inner  surface,  lay  face  down  on  Vessel  No.  20,  which,  inverted,  was  over  a  few 
fragments  of  the  bones  of  a  child.  These  bones  lay  upon  a  large  portion  of  another 
dish.  Vessel  No.  20,  a  bowl  of  brown  ware,  intact  with  the  exception  of  a  basal 


FIG.  22.— Vessel  No.  15.    Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.    (About  half  size.) 

perforation,  has  an  admirably  executed  incised  and  punctate  decoration  as  shown  in 
Fig.  23.  Maximum  diameter,  13.8  inches;  depth,  6.5  inches.  Vessel  No.  19,  also, 
is  perforate. 

Vessel  No.  21. — A  small,  rude,  imperforate  bowl,  undecorated  with  the  excep 
tion  of  four  knobs  on  the  margin,  lay  about  1  foot  from  human  remains. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    445 


Fio.  23.— Vessel  No.  20.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  22. — A  large  fragment  with  much  of  the  rim  missing  lay,  inverted, 
over  a  skull  with  a  few  other  bones. 

Vessel  No.  23. — A  star-shaped  dish  of  black  ware,  found  crushed,  with  a  small 
portion  missing,  has  been  sent  to  the  Peabody  Museum.  No  human  bones  were 
found  in  association. 

Vessel  No.  24. — An  imperforate  bowl  found  inverted  over  the  skull  of  an  infant. 
The  decoration  is  a  series  of  partially  interlocked  scrolls  with  punctate  and  lined 
work  in  addition.  Maximum  diameter,  12.5  inches;  depth,  5.3  inches  (Fig.  24). 


;     b'-'^^a^ 
.  vv  *">^ 


FIG.  24.— Vessel  Xo.  24.    Mom  d  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 


446    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


Vessel  No.  25. — A  bowl  6.8  inches  in  diameter  and  2.9  inches  in  depth,  with 
perforate  base  and  incised  and  punctate  decoration.  This  bowl  came  from  just 
below  the  surface  (Fig.  25). 

Vessel  No.  26. — A  bowl  of  black  ware,  perforate,  having  a  notched  rim,  incised 

and  punctate  decoration,  lay 
near  Vessel  No.  24.  Maximum 
diameter,  6  inches;  depth,  3.2 
inches.  This  bowl,  with  small 
protuberances,  is,  doubtless,  a 
life-form  somewhat  resembling 
Vessel  No.  49,  this  mound, 
which,  however,  is  more  clearly 
denned,  distinctly  representing 

FIG.  25.— Vessel  No.  25.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.)  r-    i 

Vessel  No.  27. — A  perforate  bowl  found  lying  on  its  side  near  human  remains. 
The  decoration  is  similar  to  that  of  Vessel  No.  40  (Fig.  102)  from  the  Cemetery 
near  Point  Washington.  Maximum  diameter,  5.1  inches;  depth,  2.8  inches. 

Vessel  No.  28. — Found,  badly  crushed,  inverted  over  a  few  fragments  of  bone. 
=======_===_^ The  decoration,  which  Profes 
sor  Holmes  believes  to  be  a 
highly  conventionalized  head 
with  the  eye  above  and  parts 
of  the  body  on  either  side,  is 
shown  in  Fig.  26. 

Vessel  No.  29. — A  perfor 
ate  bowl  in  fragments  found 
inverted  over  a  skull  and  some 
bones  of  an  infant  and  certain 
bones  of  a  child  with  which 
were  a  considerable  number  of 
shells  of  Marginella,  pierced 
to  use  as  beads.  The  decoration  consists  of  a  repetition  of  three  upright  wravy  lines. 
This  bowl  is  now  at  the  Peabody  Museum. 

Vessel  No.  30. — A  perforate  vessel  5.5  inches  by  4.6  inches  and  2.8  inches  in 
depth,  representing  a  frog  much  after  the  manner  of  the  ware  of  the  middle 
Mississippi  district.  The  legs,  fashioned  separately  and  pressed  upon  the  body, 
have  fallen  off  in  part  (Fig.  27). 

Vessel  No.  31. — A  bowl  found,  badly  crushed,  inverted  over  the  skull  of  an 
adult.  This  bowl,  which  has  been  pieced  together,  and  sent  to  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  New  York,  is  imperforate.  The  decoration,  incised  and  punctate, 
consists  of  a  series  of  designs  as  shown  in  Fig.  28,  which  doubtless  represents  jaws 
with  teeth  and  possibly  an  eye  in  the  center.  Maximum  diameter,  16  inches; 
depth,  5  inches. 


FIG.  26.— Decoration.     Vessel  No.  28.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 
(One-third  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    447 

Vessels  Nos.  32  and  33. — A  bowl  with  a  single  handle  almost  upright  and  the 
current  scroll  decoration.  The  base  is  perforate.  The  dimensions  are  5.5  inches 
long  by  5  inches  across ;  the  height,  2.5  inches  (Fig.  29).  This  bowl  lay  inverted 
just  below  the  surface  with  no  bones  in  association.  Beside  it  lay  Vessel  No.  33, 
also  inverted,  in  fragments. 

Vessel  No.  34. — A  small,  perforate  bowl  with  incised  and  punctate  decoration 
(Fig.  30). 


FIG.  27.— Vessel  No.  30.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  28. — Decoration ;  Vessel  No.  31.    Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.    (One-fourth  size.) 


FIG.  30.— Vessel  No.  34.    Mound  at 
Walton's  Camp.    (Half  size.) 


FIG.  29.— Vessel  No.  32.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


448   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


Vessel  No.  35. — Small  bowl  badly  broken. 

Vessels  Nos.  36  and  37. — Both  perforate  as  to  the  base.  Vessel  No.  36* (Fig. 
31),  7.8  inches  maximum  diameter,  2.5  inches  in  depth,  with  the  favorite  partially 
interlocked  scroll  decoration,  was  found  inverted  over  Vessel  No.  37  standing  upright. 


FIG.  31. — Vessel  No.  36.    Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.    (Three-quarters  size.) 

The  base  of  Vessel  No.  37  rested  upon  a  number  of  fragments  of  pottery  piled  one 
upon  another  in  such  relation  to  each  other  that  it  was  evident  the  breakage  occurred 
before  the  fragments  were  placed  together.  These  pieces,  when  put  together, 
formed  part  of  a  dish,  only.  Vessel  No.  37,  a  pot,  has  four  loop-shaped  handles 
and  incised  and  punctate  decoration.  Its  maximum  diameter  is  5  inches ;  its  height, 


':>    -.i?* 

• ...  •  • 
. . 


FIG.  32.— Vessel  No.  37.     Mound  at  Walton's 
Camp.     (Half1  size.) 


FIG.  33.— Section  of  Vessel  No.  38. 
(Half  size.) 


3.2  inches  (Fig.  32).  There  is  a  deposit  of  soot  showing  domestic  use,  a  rare  occur 
rence  among  mortuary  vessels  in  this  part  of  Florida. 

Vessel  No.  38. — This  vessel  with  incurved  rim  and  incised  decoration  on  the 
upper  portion,  rather  rudely  executed,  has  a  basal  perforation.  The  vessel  lay  near 
the  four  preceding  ones,  apart  from  human  remains.  Diameter,  9  inches ;  diameter 
of  aperture,  5  inches;  height,  2.75  inches  (Figs.  33,  34). 

Vessel  No.  39. — Certain  fragments  of  a  dish  piled  one  on  the  other  over  a  few 
decaying  fragments  of  the  bones  of  an  infant,  with  which  were  shell  beads. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   449 


FIG.  34. — Vessel  No.  38.    Top  view.     Mound  at  Waltou's  Camp.     (About  seven-uinths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  40. — This  bowl  of  about  3  pints'  capacity,  with  perforate  base, 
though  inverted,  was  not  associated  with  human  remains.  The  decoration  consists 
of  notches  at  the  rim  and  a  single  incised  line  with  five  small  knobs. 


450    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


Vessel  No.  41. — Parts  of  a  bowl  lying  over  a  few  remnants  of  long-bones  of  a 

young  person.     The  decoration  consists  of  a  series  of  designs  similar  to  the  one 

shown  in  Fig.  35. 

Vessel   No.   42. — A   double  cup  found  by  the   side  of  the   skull  of  a  child. 

Diameters,  4  inches  by  2.5  inches ; 
height,  2.6  inches.  There  is  a  scroll 
decoration  incised  on  the  rather  in 
ferior  ware  (Fig.  36).  Each  base 
is  perforate  but  not  through  the 
knocking  out  of  fragments  as  in 
the  other  cases  noted  by  us,  but  by 
means  of  careful  cutting  while  the 
clay  was  soft.  We  have  referred  to 

this  custom,  so  often  met  with   in   peninsular   Florida,  at  the   beginning  of  the 

description  of  this  mound. 


FIG.  35. — Decoration  ;  Vessel  No.  41.     Mound  at  Walton's 
Camp.     (One-third  size.) 


Flo.  36. — Vessel  No.  42.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Full  size.)    . 

Vessel  No.  43. — A  bowl  of  poor  material  with  incised  decoration,  having  on 

one  side,  as  handles,  two  upright 
effigies  of  the  human  head.  At  the 
other  side,  a  flat  handle  such  as 
usually  represents  the  tail  in  bird- 
effigy  vessels  of  the  middle  Missis 
sippi  district,  projects  horizontally. 
A  considerable  part  of  the  base  is 
missing.  Maximum  diameter,  9 
inches ;  depth,  4  inches  (Fig.  37). 

^^^^^^  Vessel  No.  44. — A  small  vessel 

shtittered  by  a  blow  from  a  spade. 

FIG.  37.— Vessel  No.  43.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.  .  . 

(One-third  size )  Infant  bones  were  in  association. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   451 

Vessel  No.  45. — A  bowl,  crushed  to  pieces,  inverted  over  fragments  of  the 
skull  of  an  infant  or  of  a  young  child.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  missing  parts, 
this  bowl  has  been  pieced  together,  showing  a  perforation  of  the  base.  Maximum 

diameter,  16  inches;  height,  5.5  inches. 
The  decoration,  shown  in  Fig.  38,  may 
be  divided  into  three  parts,  the  two  to 
the  right  of  the  reader  are  repeated 
around  the  bowl.  The  part  to  the  left 
appears  but  once.  This  bowl  has  been 
sent  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York  City. 

Vessel  No.  46. — An  imperforate 
bowl  of  about  one  pint  capacity,  of  ex 
cellent  ware  highly  smoothed,  having  five 
encircling,  incised  lines  below  the  rim  (Fig.  39).     It  lay  near  the  skull  of  a  child. 

Vessel  No.  47. — A  small,  imperforate  pot 
with  two  loop-shaped  handles,  found  inverted, 
by  the  side  of  an  infant's  skull  with  which 
were  three  mussel  shells. 

Vessel  No.  48. — A  flat-bottomed  perforate 
cup  of  inferior  ware,  with  rude,  symbolical  deco 
ration,  found  near  the  surface.  This  cup,  struck 
by  a  spade,  has  been  pieced  together.  Diameter 
of  aperture,  4.5  inches;  of  base,  2.8  inches;  depth, 
3  inches  (Fig.  40). 


FIG.  38.— Decoration,  Vessel  No.  45.     Mound  at  Walton's 
Camp.     (One-third  size.) 


FIG.  39.— Vessel  No.  46.      Mound  at  Walton's 
Camp.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  40—  Vessel  No.  48.    Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Two-thirds  size.) 

Vessel  No.  49. — Part  of  a  bowl  of  about  two  quarts'  capacity,  in  fragments, 
found  with  other  ware,  apart  from  human  remains.  This  interesting  bowl,  showing 
the  influence  of  the  middle  Mississippi  district,  is  a  life-form  representing  a  fish. 
On  one  side  a  clearly  defined  head  projects.  Half  way  around,  on  either  side, 
projections  doubtless  represent  fins.  That  part  of  the  bowl  which  included  the 


58.JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


f- 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   453 

tail  is  missing.     The  decoration,  found  on  various  vessels  representing  fish,  perhaps 
symbolizes  fins  (Fig.  41). 


FIG.  41.— Vessel  No.  49.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 

Fig.  42  shows  five  handles  of  bowls,  representing  heads  of  birds,  from  the 
mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 

Four  interesting  sherds  have  been  selected  from  those  found  at  the  Walton's 


FIG.  43.— Sherd.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 
(Half  size.) 


FIG.  44.— Sherd.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 
(Half  size.) 


Camp  mound.     Fig.  43  shows  the  head  of  an  owl  with  conventionalized  wing.     Fig. 
44  gives  the  complicated  stamp  decoration  already  described  as  coming  from  the 


454   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  45.— Sherd.     Mound  at  Walton's  Camp.     (Half  size.) 


midden  refuse  in  the  mound.     Fig.  45  represents  a  head,  a  series  of  which  evidently 

ran  around  the  vessel.     The  drawing  is  made  from  two  fragments,  one  of  which 

shows  one  portion  of  the  head; 
the  other,  the  remainder.  Fig. 
46,  when  turned  on  end,  shows 
a  head  with  eye,  mouth  and 
teeth. 

In  the  cultivated  field  to 
the  west  of  Mr.  Brooks'  house 
and  about  one-quarter  of  a  mile 
.  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the 
great  mound,  in  full  view  from 

the  Sound,  is  a  sand  mound  at  present  7.5  feet  in  height.     It  had  been  much  dug 

into  before  our  visit.      Careful  in 

vestigation  on  our  part  met  with 

no  success  and  confirmed  our  be 

lief    that    the    mound    had    been 

erected  for  domiciliary  purposes. 
Various  small  mounds  are.  in 

the  neighborhood  of  the  great  one 

investigated  by  us.     Careful  dig 

ging  convinced  us  that  all  were 

of  a   domiciliary    character.      In 

one  containing  midden  refuse  with 

much  shell  was  a  piercing  imple 

ment  of  bone    and    a   buck-horn 

handle  with  a  socket  to  receive 

an   implement.  FIG.  46.-Sherd.     (Full  size.) 

MOUND  NEAR  DON'S  BAYOU,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  SANTA  ROSA  COUNTY,  FLA. 

Gamier'  s  Bayou  is  near  the  western  extremity  of  Choctawhatchee  Bay.  Don's 
Bayou  enters  Garnier's  Bayou  on  its  western  side. 

In  scrub,  about  200  yards  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  landing,  at  the 
head  of  Don's  Bayou,  in  a  field  on  Government  property  showing  signs  of  earl}' 
cultivation,  is  a  mound  of  irregular  outline,  greatly  spread  by  the  plough,  appar 
ently.  The  major  and  minor  basal  diameters  are  80  feet  and  50  feet  respectively. 
The  present  height  is  3  feet.  Thorough  trenching  showed  the  mound  to  be  of  sand 
and  probably  erected  as  a  dwelling  site. 

MOUND  NEAR  BLACK  POINT,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WALTON  COUNTY,  FLA. 

About  one-quarter  mile  in  a  northwesterly  direction  from  Black  Point,  in 
scrub,  formerly  a  cultivated  field,  on  Government  property,  is  a  rather  symmetrical 
mound  of  circular  outline  with  basal  diameter  of  83  feet. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   455 

The  diameter  of  the  summit  plateau  is  46  feet.  Thorough  trenching  showed 
the  mound  to  have  been  a  place  of  residence  only.  Isolated  sherds  lay  here  and 
there  in  the  sand  of  which  the  mound  was  composed,  some  of  excellent  quality, 
undecorated,  with  the  check-stamp,  with  the  complicated  stamp  and  with  incised 
decoration. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  ROCKY  BAYOU,  CHOCTAAVHATCHEE  BAY,  WALTON  COUNTY,  FLA. 

On  the  west  side  of  Rocky  Bayou,  about  1.5  miles  up,  in  scrub,  not  far  from 
the  water's  edge,  was  a  mound,  circular  in  outline,  28  feet  across  the  base  and  2 
feet  3  inches  in  height.  A  small  trench  had  been  dug  through  the  central  part. 

This  mound,  which  was  demolished  by  us,  was  of  unstratified  sand.  Three 
badly  decayed  skulls,  each  with  some  fragments  of  other  bones,  were  met  with  and 
a  few  small  pieces  of  bone  lying  alone. 

About  8  inches  below  the  surface,  apparently  unassociated,  was  a  tobacco  pipe 
of  soapstone,  similar  to  those  we  have  found  in  mounds  near  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
John's  river,  Florida,  where  the  orifice  for  the  stem  almost  equals  in  size  the  bowl 
of  the  pipe.  In  shape  the  pipe  forms  almost  a  right-angle  with  one  side  4  inches 
in  length,  the  other  side,  3  inches. 

With  human  remains,  near  together,  were  five  small  vessels  of  yellow  ware, 

all  perforate  as  to  the  base.  Three 
are  undecorated  bowls,  each  of  about 
one-half  pint  capacity.  Another, 
semi-globular,  3.6  inches  in  maxi 
mum  diameter,  has  the  rim  turning 
inward  to  leave  an  aperture  of  about 
1.7  inches.  The  height  is  about  2.4 
inches.  The  fifth  vessel  has  the 
form  of  a  gourd.  Its  length  is  4.6 
inches ;  its  height,  2.8  inches.  The 

Fia.47.-Goard-sl.aped  vessel.     Momul  at  Rocky  Bayou,  diameter    of    aperture    is    1.4     inches 

(Two-thirds size.)  (Fig.  47).  The  end  of  the  stem  has 

a  small  irregular  hole  which  seems  to  have  come  through  decay. 

A  graceful  "celt,"  probably  of  igneous  rock,  with  well-ground  edge  and  rounded 
end,  8.5  inches  in  length,  lay  near  the  surface. 

In  various  parts  of  the  mound  were  several  vessels,  parts  of  vessels  and  sherds, 
of  no  particular  interest. 

About  100  yards  cast  of  the  eastern  side  of  the  mouth  of  Rocky  Bayou,  in  a 
field  formerly  cultivated  but  now  overgrown  with  scrub,  is  a  mound  of  irregular 
outline,  with  basal  diameters  of  72  feet  and  112  feet.  The  height  is  4  feet.  Careful 
trenching  gave  every  indication  that  the  mound  had  been  domiciliary  in  character. 


456   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

MOUND  NEAR  BASIN  BAYOU,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WALTON  COUNTY,  FLA. 

This  mound  was  in  thick  scrub,  about  one-quarter  mile  in  a  westerly  direction 
from  the  first  habitation  on  the  western  side  of  the  bayou,  on  property  of  Mr. 
George  Berry,  of  Portland,  Fla.  The  mound  proper  had  a  diameter  of  base  of  40 
feet,  a  height  of  6  feet  6  inches.  A  graded  way  28  feet  long  and  20  feet  across, 
where  it  joined  the  mound  on  its  S.  W.  side,  was  about  3.5  feet  lower  than  the 
mound  where  it  united  with  it. 

A  hole  involving  half  of  the  central  part  of  the  mound  had  been  dug  previous 
to  our  visit. 

The  mound,  with  the  exception  of  certain  marginal  parts,  was  dug  through  by 
us.  Careful  search  failed  to  discover  that  dark  line  which  we  usually  recognize  as 
marking  the  base.  The  outer  part  of  the  mound  at  the  N.  E.  side  was  composed 
entirely  of  black,  loamy  sand,  rich  in  organic  matter,  having  a  maximum  depth  of 
6  feet.  This  did  not  seem  to  be  midden  material,  but  muck  from  swampy  ground 
near  by.  The  remainder  of  the  mound  was  of  yellow  sand,  with  black  sand  above 
it  in  varying  depths,  but  nowhere  approaching  the  depth  of  the  black  sand  at  the 
side  of  the  mound. 

While  the  former  digger  doubtless  disturbed  certain  burials,  yet,  as  the  excava 
tions  made  by  him  converged  considerably,  it  is  not  likely  a  large  percentage  was 
affected.  It  is  probable  that  certain  burials  had  disappeared  through  decay,  as,  in 
addition  to  some  scattered  bones,  but  four  burials  were  met  with  by  us.  Three  of 
these  consisted  of  decaying  fragments  of  skull  with  friable  pieces  of  long-bones,  all 
between  6  and  7  feet  in  depth.  A  number  of  long-bones  in  fragments  lay  together. 

Five  and  one-half  feet  from  the  surface  was  a  bowl  3  inches  in  diameter,  with 
perforate  base.  No  remains  were  found  near  it,  though  it  is  likely  a  burial  had 
lain  with  it. 

No  artifacts  were  with  burials,  practically  all  objects  met  with  by  us  being 
near  the  bottom  of  the  deposit  of  black  loam  on  the  northeastern  side  of  the  mound, 
in  which  were  no  burials. 

Near  together  were  four  undecorated  bowls  all  with  base-perforation  and  all 
slightly  broken  in  addition.  Near  them  lay  many  pieces  of  mica. 

Several  fragments  of  excellent  yellow  paste  lay  somewhat  scattered.  Pieced 
together,  they  showed  a  fragment  7.5  inches  in  height,  of  a  cylindrical  vessel  with 
flat  base.  The  design,  carefully  made  with  a  blunt  point,  is  symbolical.  The  head 
of  a  duck  stands  out  in  relief  for  a  handle  (Fig.  48).  Most  careful  search  was  made 
for  the  remainder  of  this  vessel  throughout  the  entire  deposit  of  dark  sand,  and  we 
are  forced  to  believe  that  the  fragments  obtained  by  us  represent  all  that  was  in  the 
mound,  and  that  this  portion  of  the  vessel,  as  Mr.  Fewkes  says  of  another  class  of 
objects,  "should  come  under  the  group  of  sacrifices  called  substitutional,  or  symboli 
cal,  a  part  for  the  whole."  1 

A  number  of  scattered  fragments  formed  part  of  a  pot  decorated  with  crimson 
paint. 

"  Property-right  in  Eagles  among  the  Hopi,"  American  Anthropologist,  October-December, 
p.  690. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   457 

Also  in  fragments,  rather  closely  associated,  immediately  on  the  base  of  the 
black  loam  deposit  was  a  large  part  of  an  effigy-vase  of  yellow  ware.  The  figure 
is  that  of  a  male  in  a  squatting  position.  Its  height  is  9.5  inches.  It  is  6.5  inches 
across  the  shoulders  and  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  5.3  inches.  The  diameter  of 
the  aperture,  which  is  at  the  top  of  the  head,  is  3.4  by  3  inches.  The  arms,  which 


FIG.  48. — Fragment  of  vessel.    Mound  near  Basin  Bayou.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


had  been  fashioned  separately  and  fastened  to  the  body  by  pressure,  are  missing. 
Around  the  head  is  a  band,  part  of  which  has  fallen  from  the  forehead  and  part 
from  the  back.  Much  of  the  base  is  wanting.  This  interesting  effigy,  taken  from 
the  front  and  from  the  side,  is  shown  in  Figs.  49,  50. 

Isolated  sherds  showed  fine  ware  with  incised  decoration.  The  complicated 
stamp  was  represented  by  four  varieties. 

No  use  of  powdered  shell  with  the  paste  was  noted. 


458    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   459 

MOUND  NEAR  JOLLY  BAY,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WALTON  COUNTY,  FLA. 

Jolly  bay  is  at  the  eastern  end  of  Choctawhatchee  bay.  Landing  at  the  head 
of  Jolly  bay,  on  the  north  side,  and  keeping  about  one  mile  inland  in  an  N.  N.  W. 
direction,  a  mound  is  reached  in  pine  woods  on  the  verge  of  hammock  land  near  a 
fine  stream  of  water.  The  mound,  on  property  of  Mr.  R.  L.  Burnham,  resident  on 
the  place,  was  investigated  by  kind  permission  of  the  owner.  The  mound  had  been 
dug  into  more  extensively  than  any  of  its  size  it  has  been  our  fortune  to  see  and, 
as  usual,  vain  search  for  treasure  was  the  motive  of  the  wreck.  Little  beyond  the 
sloping  portion  of  the  mound  and  part  of  the  eastern  end  remained  intact.  Fortu 
nately  for  us,  deposits  of  earthenware  in  mounds  in  this  section  of  the  country  are 
often  marginal,  so  that  we  believe  little,  if  any,  pottery  was  destroyed  by  previous 
digging.  We  were  informed  by  Mr.  Burnham  that  he  had  been  present  when  others 
were  seeking  for  gold,  and  had  witnessed  the  finding  of  but  one  pot  since  the  dig 
ging  began,  twenty  years  ago. 

The  height  of  the  mound  as  we  found  it,  was  3  feet  9  inches ;  its  diameter  east 
and  west  was  70  feet  and  55  feet  north  and  south.  Its  summit  plateau  was  51  feet 
by  38  feet. 

All  undisturbed  parts  of  the  mound  which  was  composed  of  unstratified  sand, 
were  dug  through  by  us. 

Twenty-seven  undisturbed  burials  were  met  with.  These  were  lone  skulls; 
skulls  with  a  few  fragments  of  long-bones,  and,  occasionally,  long-bones  without  the 
skull,  all  badly  decayed. 

With  one  skull  was  a  lancepoint  5  inches  in  length.  Another  skull  had  eight 
arrowpoints  or  knives,  five  of  quartzite,  three  of  jasper. 

With  a  burial  was  a  piercing  implement  made  from  the  column  of  a  Fulgur. 

A  small  chisel  of  undetermined  rock,  a  broken  "celt"  and  several  arrowpoints, 
one  of  blue  quartz,  lay  loose  in  the  sand. 

On  the  southern  side  of  the  mound,  beginning  at  the  general  level,  dark  sand 
extended  below  the  surface,  continuing  into  the  slope  for  a  considerable  distance. 
In  this  sand  were  several  vessels,  and  burials  also  were  present  in  it. 

In  all,  fourteen  vessels  were  met  with,  all  but  one  or  two  in  the  sloping  portion 
of  the  mound,  and  none  much  farther  in  than  the  margin  of  the  summit  plateau. 

We  give  in  detail  a  description  of  the  vessels. 

Vessel  No.  1. — A  little  below  the  surface,  almost  at  the  beginning  of  the 
upward  slope,  with  no  bones  in  association,  lay  an  interesting  dish  of  yellow  ware, 
five  pointed,  with  basal  perforation.  The  decoration,  which  is  incised  and  punctate, 
is  evidently  symbolical.  Maximum  diameter,  7.5  inches;  depth,  2.3  inches  (Fig.  51). 

Vessel  No.  2. — 2  feet  10  inches  down,  inverted  over  the  skull  of  an  infant,  with 
other  bones  near  by  in  a  condition  resembling  sawdust,  was  a  bowl  with  incised 
decoration  much  the  same  as  that  on  Vessel  No.  20  (Fig.  23)  from  the  Walton's 
Camp  mound.  Maximum  diameter,  8.8  inches;  depth,  4  inches.  The  base  is 
imperforate.  On  the  sides  of  the  bowl  is  much  soot  indicating  use  for  domestic 
purposes. 

59  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


460    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

Vessel  No.  3. — 3  feet  3  inches  down,  upright,  unassociated,  was  an  undecorated, 
perforate  bowl  of  excellent  ware.  The  rim,  thickened,  projects  horizontally  about 
.5  inch.  Maximum  diameter,  6.5  inches;  depth,  2.7  inches. 


FIG.  51.— Vessel  No.  1.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay.     (About  full  size.) 

Vessel  No.  4. — This  vase,  with  perforate  base,  undecorated,  of  about  one  quart 
capacity,  has  a  globular  body  and  an  upright  neck,  slightly  expanding,  1.25  inches 


high. 


r   I 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   461 


Vessel  No.  5. — A  rude,  undecorated  bowl  of  about  one  quart  capacity. 

Vessel  No.  6. — A  bowl,  3  feet  down,  inverted  over  a  fragment  of  human  bone. 
The  ware   is   inferior.     The 
decoration  is  incised.     From 
one    side    a    head,    probably 
representing  that  of  a  frog, 
projects.       Opposite,    a   tail, 
apparently,  has  been  lost        -»        -V*%» 
through  breakage  (Fig.52). 
Maximum  diameter,  includ 
ing  head,  3.6  inches ;  depth, 
1.8  inches. 

Vessel  No.  7.— 3  feet 
down,  lying  on  its  side,  un- 
associated,  was  a  perforate 


Fi«.  52.— Vessel  No.  6.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay.     (Full  size.) 


vessel  with  undecorated,  globular  body  and  upright  neck,  slightly  flaring,  2  inches 
in  height.     The  neck  has  a  poorly  defined  check-stamp  decoration. 

Vessel  No.  8. — This  bottle,  imperforate,  of  dark  ware,  is  probably  the  most 


FIG.  53.— Vessel  No.  8.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay.     (Full  size.) 


462   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


interesting  vessel  taken  by  us  from  the  Florida  coast.  It  fell  with  caving  sand,  so 
that  data  as  to  its  association  with  human  remains  were  not  obtainable.  The  body, 
which  tapers  to  a  flat  base  1.8  inches  across,  has  a  maximum  diameter  of  5  inches. 

The  undecorated  upright  neck 
expands  slightly.  The  height 
is  about  4.5  inches.  The  deco 
ration,  carefully  engraved,  rep 
resents,  on  one  side  of  the  body 
of  the  bottle,  a  head  wearing  a 
grotesque  mask  having  the  beak 
of  a  bird  and  the  bird's  eye  so 
often  shown  on  aboriginal  work. 
Above  the  head  is  a  conven 
tionalized  serpent  marking.  The 
engraved  decoration  is  shown 
on  the  half-tone  representation  of  the  bottle  (Fig.  53)  and  diagrammatically  in 
Fig.  54. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  bottle  is  an  engraved  design  representing  an  eagle 


FIG.  54. — Engraved  decoration  on  Vessel  No.  8.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  55. — Vessel  No.  8.    Opposite  side.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   463 

with  extended  wings  and  head  turned  to  the  reader's  left   (Figs.  55,  56).     Two 
vertebrae  of  a  child  were  in  the  sand  within  this  bottle. 


Flo.  56. — Engraved  decoration  on  Vessel  No.  8.    Opposite  side.     (Half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  9. — Fragments  of  part  of  a  bowl. 

Vessel  No.  10. — Bowl,  perforate  base,  inferior  ware  with  four  incised,  encir 
cling,  parallel  lines.  Maximum  diameter,  8.25  inches ;  depth,  5.2  inches.  From 
the  rim,  projecting  obliquely  upward,  are  six  rude  animal  heads,  much  resembling 
in  style  those  shown  on  Vessel  No.  13,  this  mound. 

Vessel  No.  11. — A  bowl  with  rough,  incised  decoration  and  in-turned  rim  a 

little  less  than  1  inch  in  width. 
From  the  body  are  four  projections. 
This  vessel,  which  rudely  represents 

_         -^_  ^ ,.     -^  _        a  life-form,  lay  tilted  on  its  side  2 

'"'''"  feet  below  the  surface.     No  bones 

were  in  association.  The  base  is 
perforate  (Fig.  57). 

Vessel  No.  12. — A  rather  rude,  iin- 
perforate  bowl  with  bird-head  han 
dle  and  conventional  tail  on  the  op 
posite  side.  The  decoration  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  bowl,  which  is  slightly  thicker  than  the  lower  part,  is  incised. 
Diameter  of  body,  7  inches;  depth,  4.75  inches. 

Vessel  No.  13. — A  bowl  of  inferior  ware,  perforate,  with  undecorated  body  and 
four  projections,  rude  representations  of  animal  head  (Fig.  58).  Maximum  diame 
ter,  7.6  inches;  depth,  4.4  inches.  This  bowl  has  been  used  for  culinary  purposes. 
Vessel  No.  14. — Soon  after  our  work  on  this  mound  began,  parts  of  a  vessel  of 
dark  ware,  the  body  surrounded  by  several  incised  lines,  were  thrown  out  by  a 
digger.  Somewhat  later  other  parts  were  met  with.  About  two  hours  after  this 
the  same  digger  found  several  other  fragments  of  this  vessel,  much  farther  in.  At 
the  end,  almost  the  entire  vessel  was  present  and  such  small  parts  as  were  missing 
no  doubt  escaped  our  attention  and  that  of  the  digger.  From  all  this  it  would 


FIG.  57. — Vessel  No.  11.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay. 
(About  half  size.) 


464    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  58.— Vessel  No.  13.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  60. — Handle  of  vessel.     Mound  near 
Jolly  Bay.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  59. — Handle  of  vessel.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay. 
(Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   465 

seem  tha^  an  entire  vessel  had  been  broken  and  its  parts  scattered  on  the  sand  dur 
ing  the  construction  of  the  mound. 


FIG.  61  —Handle  of  vessel.     Mound  near  Jolly  Bay.     (Half  size.) 

Loose  in  the  sand  were  three  handles  of  vessels ;  two  representing  human 
heads  (Figs.  59,  60),  and  one  the  head  of  a  fish,  neatly  executed  (Fig.  61.) 

MOUNDS  NEAR  BLACK  CREEK,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WALTON  COUNTY,  FLA.  (3). 

These  mounds  lay  in  sight  of  each  other  in  an  old  field  about  2.5  miles  up 
Black  Creek  and  one  mile  inland  in  a  southwesterly  direction  from  Mr.  David 
Evans'  lower  landing. 

The  mounds  had  all  been  under  cultivation,  and  evidently  all  had  been  greatly 
spread  by  the  plough.  The  smallest  was  less  than  one  foot  in  height.  The  others 
were  70  feet  and  96  feet  in  diameter  and  1.5  feet  and  4  feet  in  height,  respectively. 
All  these  mounds  were  carefully  trenched  with  no  result,  save  to  indicate  their 
former  use  as  places  of  domicile. 

MOUND  NEAR  POINT  WASHINGTON,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WASHINGTON 

COUNTY,  FLA. 

This  mound  was  about  two  miles  in  a  westerly  direction  from  Point  Washing 
ton,  near  a  spring  of  excellent  water.  The  spring  feeds  a  pond  from  which  a  nar 
row  creek,  navigable  for  small  boats,  runs  to  the  bay,  somewhat  over  a  mile  distant. 
The  mound,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  Simeon  Strickland,  Sr.,  of  Point  Washington, 
who  kindly  permitted  us  to  dig,  was  of  circular  outline,  36  feet  across  the  base  and 
6  feet  high.  Previous  diggers,  treasure  seekers,  we  were  told,  had  made  a  large 
hole  in  the  center,  probably  8  feet  in  diameter,  and  had  driven  a  trench  in  from 
the  margin. 

The  mound,  of  yellow  sand  without  stratification,  was  demolished  by  us. 

Burials  were  central  to  a  certain  extent,  the  first  being  met  with  8  feet  in  from 
the  margin.  In  all  eleven  were  met  with  by  us  at  depths  varying  from  2  feet  to 
the  base  of  the  mound,  and  doubtless  a  considerable  number  was  destroyed  by  the 
hunters  for  gold.  The  form  of  burial  was  the  solitary  skull,  sometimes  accompanied 
by  a  few  fragments  of  other  bones  or,  occasionally,  long-bones  without  the  skull 


466   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


were  met  with.  On  the  center  of  the  base  of  the  mound,  6  feet  down,»was  the 
only  skeleton  found,  being  the  bones  of  an  adolescent  lying  at  length  to  the  knees, 
with  the  lower  legs  flexed  under. 

With  the  exception  of  a  thick  sheet  of  mica  below  this  skeleton,  no  artifacts 
were  met  with  in  the  mound  in  direct  association  with  the  dead.  Two  arrowheads 
were  loose  in  the  sand,  as  was  a  ball  of  galena,  about  2  inches  in  diameter.  There 
was  present,  also,  a  part  of  a  small  disc  of  copper,  or  of  brass,  too  minute  and 
too  corroded  for  determination. 

While  no  tributes  were  placed  immediately  with  burials,  yet,  as  we  have 
seen  to  be  the  case  elsewhere,  there  was  in  this  mound  a  large  deposit  of 
earthenware,  marginal  in  the  main,  placed  generally. 

In  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  mound,  not  far  from  the  margin,  where  the  mound 
was  a  trifle  over  two  feet  in  height,  was  sand  much  darker  than  the  rest,  though 
not  so  markedly  in  contrast  as  was  the  black  loam  in  the  marginal  part  of  the 
mound  near  Basin  Bayou.  In  this  sand  in  the  Point  Washington  mound,  in  close 
association,  in  contact  even  or,  at  times,  one  placed  partly  within  another,  were 
ten  vessels  of  from  one  pint  to  two  quarts  capacity,  approximately,  the  under 
o'nes  lying  on  the  base  of  the  mound.  A  short  distance  away  were  five  additional 
vessels  while,  a  little  further  in,  lay  a  number  of  others.  In  all,  thirty-eight  ves 
sels  of  earthenware  came  from  the  mound,  all,  save  two,  from  or  from  the  vicinity 
of,  the  place  we  have  noted.  Of  the  two  exceptions,  one  was  from  the  margin, 
but  several  yards  distant  from  the  rest,  while  the  other  fell  with  caving  sand  from 
near  the  surface.  This  vessel  was  imperforate  as  to  the  base  and  was  the  only 
pne  met  with  by  us  in  the  mound  clearly  without  mortuary  mutilation,  though 
several  were  too  fragmentary  for  determination. 

One  of  the  groups  of  vessels  lay  with  their  bases  resting  upon  great  frag 
ments  of  much  larger  vessels,  as  on  a  floor. 

In  two  cases  vessels  whose  bodies  tapered  to  the  base,  had  the  base  entirely 
knocked  away  instead  of  perforated  simply.  In  one  case,  the  base  was  found 
later,  some  distance  from  the  vessel  to  which  it  belonged. 

Of  the  thirty-eight  vessels  found  by  us  none  exceeded  two  quarts  in  capacity, 

and  in  none  was  admixture  of  powdered 
shell  apparent.  The  paste,  yellow,  as  a 
rule,  ranged  from  inferior  to  most  excel 
lent  quality,  resembling  the  ware  of  pen 
insular  Florida.  Many  were  undecora- 
ted ;  others  offered  no  novelty  in  shape 
or  ornamentation,  while  others,  again, 
were  crushed  to  fragments.  We  shall, 
therefore,  confine  ourselves  in  descrip 
tion  to  vessels  worthy  of  especial  notice. 
Vessel  No.  1. — This  vessel,  of  ex 
cellent  ware,  was  found  in  a  number  of 
pieces  and  without  a  base.  The  design 
is  incised  (Fig.  62). 


FIG.  62.— Vessel  No.  1.      Mound  near  Point  Washington. 
(Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   467 


Vessel  No.  2.  —  This    vase    has  the    lower    half  of  the  body  hemispherical  ; 
the  upper  part  somewhat  constricted.     The  neck  is  slightly  flaring.     There  have 

been  four  small  projections  from  the  rim, 
of  which  two  remain.  Encircling  the  rim 
on  the  upper  surface  is  an  incised  line. 
The  ornamentation,  incised,  is  a  cross- 
hatch  beneath  two  arching  parallel  lines. 
Maximum  diameter,  5.5  inches  ;  height, 
4.5  inches  (Fig.  63). 

Vessel  No.  5.  —  A  vase  of  thick  ware 
with  flat  base,  and  quadrilateral  as  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  body.  The  upper  part 
turns  inward.  The  neck  is  upright.  The 
ornamentation,  incised  and  punctate, 
shown  on  the  two  sides  in  Fig.  64,  is  re- 

j  ,1  ,1  •  •,  n  •  , 

peated  on  the  other  two  sides.  Capacity 
about  one  pint. 

Vessel   No.   6.  —  An   acorn-shaped  vessel  of  less  thsin  one  pint  capacity,  with 
pinched  decoration,  perhaps  intended  to  imitate  the  acorn  (Fig.  65). 


FIG.  63.—  Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  near  Point  Washington. 

(HHir  size) 


. 


FIG.  64.— Vessel  No.  5.     Mound  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 

Vessel   No.   14. — This    vase,  of  inferior  ware,   resembles   Vessel   No.  5,  this 
mound,  as  to  shape  of  body  which,  in  this  case,  is  undecorated.     The  vessel,  which 


60  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


468   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


_A  -r  *--' 


Fl«.  65. — Vessel  No.  6.     Mound  near  Point  Wxsh- 
ington.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


FIG.  66.— Vessel  No.  14.     Mound  near  Point  Wash 
ington.     (Half  size.) 


flares  slightly  at  first  and  then  becomes  upright,  has  six  parallel  circles  of  punctate 
markings.     Capacity  about  one  quart  (Fig.  66). 

Vessel  No.  18. — This  interesting  vessel  of  thick  and  excellent  ware,  a  light 
yellow  with  many  traces  of  crimson  paint,  somewhat  resembles  in  shape  of  body 
Vessel  No.  5.  The  head  of  an  owl  projects  horizontally  from  one  side.  On  either 


FIG.  67.— Vessel  No.  18.     Mound  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.     469 


side,  behind  the  head,  are  deeply  incised  representations  of  wings.  An  incised  tail 
is  opposite  the  head.  Just  above  the  tail  is  a  neatly  made  perforation  as  for 
suspension.  Presumably  a  corresponding  one  on  the  opposite  side  has  been  omitted. 
The  capacity  is  less  than  one  pint  (Fig.  67). 


FIG.  68.— Vessel  No.  19.     Mound  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 

Vessel  No.  19. — This  vessel,  of  good  yellow  ware,  bearing  traces  of  crimson 
paint,  has  a  double  compartment  with  a  human  head  between  for  a  handle.  The 
decoration,  incised  and  punctate,  is  confined  to  one  compartment.  The  closing  of 
the  scroll  is  a  treatment  similar  to  that  found  on  vessels  from  Yucatan  (Fig.  68). 

Vessel  No.  21. — The  body  is  semi-globular,  with  high  and  slightly  expanding 
neck.  The  base  is  flat.  The  body  is  undecorated.  Around  the  neck  is  an  inter 
esting  complicated  decoration  conferred  by  the  use  of  a  stamp.  Maximum 
diameter,  5.75  inches ;  height,  6  inches  (Fig.  69). 

Vessel  No.  22. — A  bowl  with  semi-globular  body  and  thickened  rim,  of  about 
three  pints  capacity.  The  interior  has  a  coat  of  crimson  paint,  as  has  part  of  the 
outside. 

Vessel  No.  25. — A  vase  of  flattened  outline,  of  most  excellent  yellow  ware 


470    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


Fio.  69.— Vessel  No.  21.     Mound  near  Point  Washington.     (Three-quarters  size.) 

and  with  gracefully  rounded  rim.  The  complicated  decoration,  beautifully  carved, 
confined  to  the  upper  portion,  is  practically  all  shown  in  Fig.  70.  Fig.  71  gives  the 
outline  of  the  side.  Maximum  diameter,  6  inches  ;  height,  3  inches  ;  diameter  of 
aperture,  3.5  inches. 

Vessel  No.  27. — A  pot  with  two  encircling  lines  of  punctate  markings 
(Fig.  72). 

Vessel  No.  29. — A  pot  with  ovoid  body,  of  about  two  quarts'  capacity.  A 
thick  rim  flares  slightly.  A  border  .5  inch  in  diameter,  consisting  of  complicated 
stamp  decoration,  is  just  below  the  rim.  Diameter,  5.6  inches;  height,  6.8  inches 
(Fig.  73). 

Vessel  No.  35. — In  shape  an  inverted  truncated  cone.  The  ware,  bright 
yellow,  has  been  colored  crimson  about  one  inch  below  the  rim.  Next  follows  a 
band  about  1.75  inches  broad,  without  paint,  with  incised  decoration.  The 
remainder  of  the  vessel  is  crimson.  Parts  are  missing.  Height,  6  inches; 
maximum  diameter,  4.5  inches  (Fig.  74). 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   471 


FIG.  70. — Vessel  No.  25.     Mound  near  Point  Washington.     (About  one-sixth  oversize.) 


472   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  71.— Section  of  Ves 
sel   No.   25.      (Half 

SIZe->  FIG.  72.— Vessel  No.  27.    Mound  near  Point  Wash 

ington.     (Half  size.) 


W 


FIG.  73.— Vessel  No.  29.     Mound  near 
Point  Washington.     (One-third 

size.) 


FIG.  74.— Vessel  No.  35.     Mound  near  Point  Wash 
ington.     (One-third  size.) 


FIG.  75. — Vessel  No.  38.     Mound  near  Point  Washington. 
(Half  size.) 


Vessel  No.  38. — A  fragment  of  a  vessel  of  eccentric  form,  of  very  superior 
ware,  beautifully  decorated.  Traces  of  crimson  paint  remain  (Fig.  75). 

CEMETERY   NEAR    POINT    WASHINGTON,   CHOCTAWIIATCHEE   BAY, 
WASHINGTON  COUNTY,  FLA. 

Over  a  score  of  years  ago,  we  were  told,  persons  living  at  Point  Washington 
noticed  earthenware  vessels,  or  parts  of  vessels,  projecting  above  the  ground  in  a 
hammock  about  3.5  miles  west  of  their  settlement.  Incidentally,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  word  hammock  is  used  in  certain  parts  of  the  Southern  United  States  to 
describe  a  tract  of  land  on  which  grow  the  palmetto,  the  oak  and  certain  other  trees, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  pine  barrens,  the  swamp,  the  marsh,  or  the  prairie.  This 
hammock,  which  is  about  three  acres  in  extent,  lies  in  from  the  bay  and  is 
surrounded  by  pine  woods.  It  is  said  that  former  visitors  from  the  town  obtained 
a  number  of  vessels  at  this  place,  though  we  saw  but  little  evidence  of  former 
digging,  either  on  or  below  the  surface. 


r 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   473 

Four  and  one-half  days  were  passed  by  us  at  the  cemetery  with  ten  men  to 
dig  and  three  men  to  supervise. 

About  one-quarter  of  an  acre  was  dug  through  by  us  and  it  is  our  belief  that 
that  part  of  the  hammock  containing  burials  was  thoroughly  dug  by  us.  the  limit 
being  determined  not  only  by  the  spade  but  by  sounding  rods  of  iron  which  we 
found  so  useful  in  our  work  at  the  aboriginal  cemetery  at  Durand's  Bend,  Alabama 
river. 

The  cemetery  near  Point  Washington  was  not  exactly  level,  there  being  a 
number  of  irregular  rises  in  the  ground  with  flat  spaces  between.  These  rises,  which 
probably  did  not  exceed  a  foot  in  height,  in  three  cases  contained  large  deposits  of 
human  bones,  solid  masses  with  outlying  bones  here  and  there,  these  bones  not  being 
enough  apart  to  call  them  separate  burials,  nor  yet  so  closely  associated  that  they 
might  be  considered  one  interment.  One  of  these  deposits  had  seventeen  skulls,  all 
of  adults  but  one,  as  to  which  we  had  not  sufficient  data  to  judge.  Numbers  of 
long-bones  accompanied  the  skulls.  In  other  parts  of  the  cemetery  were  single 
skulls,  others  with  long-bones  and,  in  a  few  cases,  long-bones  without  the  crania,  in 
addition  to  the  burials  found  under  earthenware  vessels,  which  will  be  taken 
up  later. 

Certain  skulls  from  the  cemetery  showed  marked  flattening  as  by  compression. 
Captain  Bernard  Romans,  in  his  "  A  Concise  Natural  History  of  East  and  West 
Florida,"1  page  82,  tells  us,  speaking  of  the  Choctaws,  "  their  women  disfigure  the 
heads  of  their  male  children  by  means  of  bags  of  sand,  flattening  them  into 
different  shapes,  thinking  it  adds  to  their  beauty." 

Artifacts  other  than  vessels  of  earthenware  were  not  numerous.  A  piece 
of  iron  lay  near  a  skull  and  glass  beads  were  with  a  number  of  burials.  There 
were  also :  shell  beads  in  many  places ;  several  undecorated  gorgets  of  shell ;  a 
hoe-shaped  implement  of  calcareous  lime-stone,  much  disintegrated,  with  one  of 
the  masses  of  skulls ;  a  large  hone  with  a  burial ;  eleven  bits  of  chert  and  two 
arrowpoints  together,  with  human  remains  ;  two  glass  finger-rings  loose  in  the  sand ; 
two  pendants  of  shell  resembling  barbless  arrowpoints  in  shape,  with  a  burial ;  a 
piercing  implement  of  shell,  wrought  from  a  columella,  with  two  circular  grooves. 

While  the  burials  without  earthenware  covering  were  largely  in  the  low 
mounds,  burials  under  vessels  were  chiefly  in  the  slopes  of  the  mounds  or  in  the 
levels  and  depressions  between  them. 

At  certain  places  in  the  cemetery,  from  a  few  inches  to  one  foot  below  the 
surface,  as  in  other  cases  reported  by  us,  but  still  more  noticeably  so,  lay  quantities 
of  earthenware  over  considerable  areas.  No  burials  were  with  or  beneath  these 
deposits  which,  at  places,  were  so  near  together  as  almost  to  resemble  a  floor. 
These  deposits  were  made  up  of  fragments  of  vessels,  some  very  large  ;  occasionally 
a  small,  well-made  vessel,  usually  with  some  imperfection ;  or  bowls  rarely  over 
one  quart  in  capacity,  of  poor  material,  often  undecorated  and  sometimes  broken 
in  addition. 

During    our    entire    investigation,  though  particular  care  was  exercised  and 

1  New  York,  1775. 


474    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

the  matter  was  constantly  kept  in  view,  no  vessel  •  of  any  size  was  reconstructed 
from  pieces  present  in  these  deposits.  Parts  of  smaller  vessels,  probably  intended 
for  domestic  use,  lay  among  the  sherds.  It  has  suggested  itself  to  us  that  possibly 
vessels  broken  in  domestic  use  were  put  aside  and  carried  in  numbers  to  the 
cemetery,  where  these  fragments  were  spread  upon  the  surface  with  small,  unbroken 
vessels,  not  with,  but  near,  the  burials.  In  lapse  of  time  leaf  mould  and  shifting 
sand  could  readily  account  for  the  superficial  depth  at  which  these  deposits  were 
found.  Fragments,  during  conveyance  and  deposit,  would  become  greatly  mixed, 
which  would  account  for  our  inability  to  find  full  complement  of  parts  of  vessels 
and,  moreover,  as  it  seemed  to  us  that  decorated  portions  predominated,  it  may 
be  that  such  parts  were  more  carefully  preserved.  A  definite  method  to  settle 
this  question,  to  which  we  have  already  referred  in  our  account  of  the  mounds 
at  Bear  Point  and  at  Walton's  Camp,  would  be  to  preserve  each  fragment  of 
ware  found  during  an  investigation  and,  at  the  end,  to  endeavor  to  restore  vessels 
from  parts  found  at  various  points.  This  herculean  task,  however,  could  be 
attempted  reasonably  only  in  the  case  of  a  cemetery  which  had  never  undergone 
previous  disturbance. 

The  earthenware  at  the  cemetery  contained  practically  no  admixture  of 
pounded  shell,  though  here  and  there  a  small  amount  was  present  locally  in 
vessels  as  was  the  case  with  those  in  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 

When  bowls  lay  inverted  over  burials,  such  burials  were  from  1  to  3.5  feet  in 
depth. 

Vessel  No.  1. — A  life-form  of  coarse  yellow  ware,  imperforate.  The  decoration 
is  punctate.  There  are  small  holes  at  either  end  for  suspension.  Length,  4.1 


FIG.  76. — Vessel  No.  1.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 

inches;  maximum  diameter,  2  inches;  depth,  1.6  inches  (Fig.  76).  A  small  part 
of  the  tail  was  broken  by  a  trowel.  This  interesting  little  vessel  lay  apart  from 
burials  with  many  pieces  of  broken  ware. 

Vessel  No.  2. — A  bowl  found  in  fragments  but  since  pieced  together.    The  base 
is  perforate ;  the  decoration,  incised.      Maximum    diameter,  10  inches  ;   depth,   5 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   475 


inches  (Fig.  77).  No  human  remains  were  found  with  this  bowl  though  probably 
they  had  disappeared  through  decay. 

Vessel  No.  3. — Found  lying  on  its  side,  crushed  to  fragments. 

Vessel  No.  4. — Inverted,  crushed  to  fragments,  parts  missing. 

Vessel  No.  5. — Inverted,  imperforate  base.  The  decoration  is  a  partially  inter 
locked  scroll  rudely  done.  There  are  notches  around  the  rim.  Maximum  diameter, 
12.75  inches;  depth,  7  inches. 


Flu.  77. — Vessel  No.  2.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(One-third  size.) 


Flo.  78. — Vessel  No.  7.    Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (One-third  size.) 


Vessel  No.   6. — One  half  of  a  large    star-shaped  dish  lying  inverted  over  a 
fragment  of  a  skull,  three  large  shell  beads  and  two  pebbles. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A  pot  three  pints  in  capacity,  perforate,  with  rough  decoration 
on  the  neck  (Fig.  78).     This  pot  lay  inverted  just  beneath  the  surface. 

Vessel   No.   8. — About  the  same  size  as  Vessel  No.  7  and  lying  in  fragments 
near   it. 

Vessel  No.  9. — A  vessel  of  eccentric  shape  with  incised  and  punctate  decoration, 
perforate  and  with  two  small  holes  for  suspension.  Length,  6  inches ;  maximum 
diameter,  2.7  inches;  height,  1.7  inches;  diameter 
of  aperture,  1.3  inches  (Fig.  79). 


FIG.  79. — Vessel  No.  9.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  water-bottle  of  black  ware, 
interestingly  incised  on  body  and  on  base.  A  white 
material  has  been  rubbed  into  the  lines.  The  base 
is  perforate.  There  are  two  small  holes  for  suspension,  at  the  rim.  Maximum 
diameter,  4  inches  ;  height,  4  inches  ;  aperture,  1.2  inches  (Fig.  80).  This  bottle 
lay  with  the  seventeen  skulls  and  the  mass  of  bones  to  which  we  have  referred. 


FIG.  80. — Vessel  No.  10.   Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (Half  size.) 


61  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


476   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  81.— Vessel  No.  11.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  82.— Vessel  No.  12.     Cemetery  near  Point  Wash 
ington.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  83. — Vessel  No.  13.      Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (One-third  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   477 

Vessel  No.  11. — A  bottle  similar  to  Vessel  No.  10,  with  base  perforation,  holes 
for  suspension  and  white  material  in  the  incised  lines.  Maximum  diameter,  4.6 
inches;  height,  4.4  inches;  aperture,  1.4  inches  (Fig.  81).  This  bottle  lay  almost 
in  contact  with  one  of  the  skulls  to  which  we  have  referred. 

Vessel  No.  12. — A  bottle  of  inferior  ware,  rudely  incised.  The  base  is  imper- 
forate.  Maximum  diameter,  2.5  inches;  height,  3.1  inches;  aperture,  1  inch 
(Fig.  82).  This  bottle  lay  about  2  feet  8  inches  down  and  about  9  inches  below  the 
mass  of  bones  to  which  reference  has  been  made.  With  it  were  small  fragments 
of  human  remains. 

Vessel  No.  13. — An  undecorated,  wide-mouthed  bottle  with  body  heart- 
shaped  in  outline.  The  base  is  perforate.  This  bottle  lay  almost  inverted.  No 
bones  remained  near  it.  Diameter  of  body,  6.6  inches;  height,  7.5  inches; 
diameter  of  aperture,  3.8  inches  (Fig.  83). 

Vessel  No.  14. — An  imperforate  bowl  partly  crushed  by  a  large  root,  since 
pieced  together.  The  decoration,  incised,  represents  highly  conventionalized  bird- 
wings  though,  in  this  case,  the  head  and  the  tail  of  the  bird  do  not  appear 


FIG.  84.— Vessel  No.  14.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 

on  the  bowl.  In  one  instance,  to  the  reader's  left,  on  the  bowl  (Fig.  84) 
the  circle  has  not  been  filled  in  as  have  the  others.  Maximum  diameter,  13 
inches ;  depth,  6.3  inches.  This  bowl  lay  inverted  over  the  skull  of  an  adult. 
Beneath  the  skull  were  a  number  of  long-bones  while  one  foot  lower  down  was 
another  skull.  These  bones  were  apparently  the  advance  guard  of  a  mass  of 
remains  behind  and  to  one  side  of  them  which  formed  the  deposit  with  the 
eleven  crania  to  which  we  have  referred. 

Vessel  No.  15. — Possibly  part  of  a  small  bottle,  though  the  aperture  seems 
too  smooth  to  mark  the  presence  of  a  fracture.  The  decoration,  incised  and 
punctate,  confined  to  the  top  of  the  body,  is  given,  with  section,  in  Fig.  85. 

Vessel  No.  16. — A  large  fragment  lying  by  the  side  of  Vessel  No.  17.  The 
decoration,  a  common  one,  consists  of  a  series  of  concentric  diamonds  with 
central  circles. 


478   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  85. — Vessel  No.  15.    Top  view  and  section.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.    (Full  size.) 

Vessel  No.  17. — An  imperforate  bowl  of  black  ware  found,  badly  crushed, 
inverted  over  a  human  skull  with  a  fragment  of  clavicle  and  some  vertebrae 
With  these  was  a  chisel  of  iron  or  of  steel.  This  bowl,  put  together  with  the 
exception  of  a  small  part  of  the  rim,  which  is  wanting,  has  an  incised  decoration 
shown  in  Fig.  86.  Maximum  diameter,  15.5  inches ;  depth,  6.4  inches. 


FIG.  86. — Decoration,  Vessel  No.  17.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.    (One-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  18. — A  bowl,  badly  crushed,  found  turned  over  the  skull  of  an 
adult,  about  2  feet  from  Vessels  Nos.  16  and  17.  This  bowl,  3  feet  6  inches  down, 
lay  at  a  considerably  greater  depth  than  the  vessels  ordinarily.  The  decoration, 
incised,  is  a  form  of  the  partially  interlocked  scroll.  The  fragments  of  this  bowl 
were  sent  to  the  Davenport  Academy  of  Natural  Science,  Davenport,  Iowa. 

Vessel  No.  19. — A  bowl  found  upright  in  one  of  the  deposits  of  sherds.  The 
base  is  perforate.  The  decoration  is  incised  scroll  and  punctate,  much  like  that  of 
Vessel  No.  24  (Fig.  24)  from  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp.  Maximum  diameter, 
9.5  inches ;  depth,  4.5  inches. 

Vessel  No.  20. — A  bowl  with  perforate  base,  lying  just  beneath  the  surface 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   479 

with  no  associated  remains.  The  decoration,  incised,  is  in  the  main  similar  to  that 
of  Vessel  No.  40  from  this  cemetery.  Maximum  diameter,  6.8  inches ;  depth,  3 
inches. 

Vessel  No.  21. — A  large  fragment  of  a  vessel,  lying  over  a  skull. 

Vessel  No.  22. — Found  just  below  the  surface,  lying  on  its  side  in  the  deposit 
of  sherds,  containing,  and  surmounted  by,  parts  of  other  vessels,  was  a  vessel  of 
two  compartments,  which,  we  believe,  represents  the  open  bivalve  rather  more 
conventionalized  than  is  sometimes  seen  in  the  ware  of  the  Mississippi  district,  a 
good  example  of  which  may  be  found  on  Plate  VI  in  Thruston's  excellent 


FIG.  87. — Vessel  No.  22.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.    (About  seven-elevenths  size.) 

"  Antiquities  of  Tennessee."  The  decoration  on  the  body  consists  of  a  form  of 
incised  scroll.  On  the  base  of  one  compartment  are  concentric  circles.  On  the 
other  base,  these  circles  begun,  have  not  been  completed.  There  are  no  basal 
perforations  (Fig.  87). 

Vessel  No.  23. — An  imperforate  bowl  inverted  over  fragments  of  the  skull  of 

a  child  or  of  an  infant,  11.5 
inches  maximum  diameter,  6.5 
inches  in  depth.  The  decora 
tion,  incised,  is  shown  in  Fig. 
88.  By  a  small  crack  near 
the  rim  three  holes,  intended  to 
allow  a  sinew  or  a  cord  to 
strengthen  the  parts,  have  been 
begun  but  not  completed. 

Vessel  No.  24. — A  large  fragment  from  the  pottery  layer,  having  on  one  side 
an  animal  head  for  a  handle. 

Vessel   No.   25. — A  perforate  bowl  inverted  over  the  skull  of  an  old  person, 


FIG.  88. — Decoration,  Vessel  No.  23.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(About  one-third  size.) 


480    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


which    showed    marked    artificial  flattening.       Maximum   diameter,   13.2  inches; 

depth,  6  inches.  The  decoration  is  shown  in  Fig.  89.  This  bowl,  mounted  over 

the  skull  which  was  found  be 
neath  it,  placed  upon  sand  and 
roots  from  the  cemetery,  has 
been  sent  to  the  Museum  at 
Memorial  Hall,  Fairmount 

Fio.  89.— Decoration,  Vessel  No.  25.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.          "ark,    P  hlladelpllia. 

(One-third  size.)  Vessel   No.    26.— A   little 

above  Vessel  No.  25  and  to  one  side  of  it  was  an  unbroken,  imperforate  bowl, 
lying  over  the  skull  of  an  adult  with  which  were  one  piece  of  tibia,  one  ulna, 
one  clavicle,  part  of  a  humerus,  a  piece  of  a  pelvis  and  one  half  of  a  lower  jaw. 
On  the  upper  part  of  the  bowl  is  incised  decoration,  evidently  symbolical,  while 
designs  representing  animal  legs  and  paws  encircle  the  body  of  the  bowl.  Maxi 
mum  diameter,  15  inches;  depth,  6.8  inches.  This  bowl,  mounted  over  the  burial 
found  beneath  it  (Fig.  90)  is  at  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia, 
where  may  be  seen  the  principal  part  of  all  our  collections. 

Vessel  No.  27. — Immediately  under  the  burial  with  Vessel  No.  26  lay  an  im 
perforate  bowl  over  the  skull  of  a  woman.     The  incised  decoration  is  a  combination 

of  the  favorite  scroll. 
Maximum  diameter,  11 
inches  ;  depth,  5  inches. 
This  bowl  with  its  skull 
and  with  sand  from  the 
cemetery,  has  been  sent 
to  the  Free  Museum  of 
Science  and  Art,  Univer 
sity  of  Pennsylvania, 
Philadelphia. 

Vessel  No.  28.- 
This  little  vase  was 
found,  upright,  slightly 
mutilated,  in  a  layer  of 
fragments.  Incised  dec 
oration  is  on  top  and 
interesting  incised  sym 
bolical  decoration  sur 
rounds  the  body.  Maxi- 


Fio.  91  —Vessel  No.  28.  Outline. 
Cemetery  near  Point  Wash 
ington.  (Half  size.) 


FIG.  92.— Same  vessel,  top  decora 
tion.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  93.— Same  vessel,  decoration  of  body.     (Half  size.) 


mum  diameter,  3.2  inches;  height,  3  inches;  aperture,  1  inch  (Figs.  91,  92,  93). 

Vessel  No.  29. — This  little  vase  was  found  inverted  but  apart  from  human 
remains.  A  part  of  the  base  was  knocked  in  by  the  blow  of  a  spade.  There 
is  rude,  incised  decoration  of  curved  lines  on  the  body  and  on  the  neck. 
Maximum  diameter,  2.7  inches;  height,  3.5  inches  (Fig.  94). 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    481 


I 

I 


482    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


Vessel  No.  30. — This  interesting, 
imperforate,  dipper-shaped  vessel  lay  in 
verted  over  fragments  of  the  skull  of  an 
adult.  Incised  decoration  of  diamonds, 
circles  and  straight  lines  surrounds  the 
upper  part  of  the  body.  A  solid  handle, 
3  inches  in  length,  projects  horizontally 
from  one  side.  Diameter  of  bowl,  8 
inches ;  depth,  3.4  inches  (Fig.  95). 

Vessel  No.  31. — This  graceful,  im 
perforate  vessel,  evidently  modelled  after 
a  section  of  a  gourd,  lay  inverted  over 
the  skull  of  an  adolescent,  about  one-half 
foot  distant  from  Vessel  No.  30.  At  the 
end  of  the  handle  is  a  small  hole  for  sus 
pension.  The  incised  decoration  is  shown 
on  Fig.  96.  Diameter  of  body,  including 
handle,  10.3  inches;  breadth  of  body,  7.1 
inches ;  depth,  3  inches. 

Vessel  No.  32. — This  vessel,  repre 
senting  an  owl  with  the  head  and  conven 
tional  tail  and  incised  decoration  of  con 
ventionalized  wings,  lay  somewhat  crushed  by  roots  over  a  skull  in  fragments  (Fig. 
97).  Maximum  diameter,  11.5  inches;  depth,  4.8  inches. 

Vessel   No.  33. — This  bowl  lay  over  the  skull  of  an  adult,  in  contact  with 
Vessel  No.  32.     The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  surrounded  with  incised  decorations, 


FIG.  94.— Vessel  No.  29.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 

(Full  size.) 


FIG.  95. — Vessel  No.  30.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (About  seven-elevenths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    483 


FIG.  96. — Vessel  No.  31.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (About  seven-tenths  size.) 


FIG.  97.— Vessel  No.  32.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Half  size.)  , 

among  which  may  be  recognized  the  usual  aboriginal  bird's  eye  and  symbolical 
designs  often  found  on  vessels  representing  fish.  The  base  of  the  bowl  is  imper- 
forate  (Fig.  98).  Maximum  diameter,  18.8  inches ;  depth,  9  inches! 

Vessel  No.  34. — This  bowl  lay  inverted  on  one  side  of  the  base  of  Vessel  No. 
35.  The  base  was  imperforate,  but  a  piece  has  been  knocked  out  by  a  blow 
from  a  spade. 

Vessel  No.  35. — A  perforate  bowl  of  light-colored  ware,  found  inverted  over  a 
few  fragments  of  a  skull.  The  incised  design  is  much  like  that  on  Vessel  No. 

62  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


484    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


^^5? 


FIG.  98.— Vessel  No.  33.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 

50,  from  this  cemetery,  which,  however,  has  projecting  heads.    Maximum  diameter, 
14.3  inches ;  depth,  5.5  inches. 

Vessel   No.  36. — This  interesting  bowl,  of  excellent  ware,  perforate  as  to  its 
base,  has  on  one,  side  projecting  slightly,  what  seems  to  be  a  representation  of  the 


FIG.  99.— Vessel  No.  36.     Cemetery  uear  Point  Washington.     (About  seven-fifteenths  size.) 


UNIVERSITY 

or 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   485 

head  of  a  frog  much  in  the  manner  of  heads  we  see  on  bowls  from  Nicaragua. 
Below  are  incised  designs  intended  for  legs  and  feet.  Symbols  encircle  the  upper 
part  of  the  bowl.  Maximum  diameter,  15.7  inches;  depth,  7.2  inches  (Fig.  99). 

Vessel  No.  37. — This  bowl,  badly  crushed  by  roots,  lay  inverted  over  the 
skull  of  an  adult.  Restored,  the  base  shows  a  perforation.  The  decoration,  the 
well-known  scroll,  has  a  pink  material  inset  in  the  lines  (Fig.  100).  Maximum 
diameter,  15.5  inches;  depth,  7  inches. 


Fi«.  100.— Vessel  No.  37.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 

Vessel  No.  38. — Inverted,  but  with  the  rim  slightly  tilted  upward,  were  two 
halves  of  a  bowl  over  a  skull  in  fragments  with  a  few  long-bones.  These  two 
halves  did  not  lie  as  though  placed  in  the  mound  as  a  whole,  and  subsequently 


FIG.  101. — Decoration,  Vessel  No.  39.     Cemetery  near  P.oint  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 

fractured,  since  a  broken  margin  of  one  side  was  turned  away  from  the  correspond 
ing  margin  of  the  other  side. 

Vessel  No.  39. — This  beautiful  little  bowl  of  black  ware,  imperforate,  lay  on 
its  base,  unassociated.  The  decoration,  incised,  is  shown  in  Fig.  101.  The  upper 
part,  the  partially  interlocked  scroll,  is  uniform  throughout.  Below,  the  designs 
would  seem  to  connect  the  vessel  with  that  class  bearing  projecting  heads  and  tails 
of  fish,  on  which  some  of  these  symbols  often  appear.  Maximum  diameter,  5.5 
inches ;  depth,  2  inches. 

Vessel  No.  40. — Resting  on  its  base  was  a  perforate  bowl  (Fig.  102),  15.8 
inches  in  maximum  diameter  and  8.2  inches  in  depth.  The  incised  decoration 
represents  a  conventional  animal  head  with  other  parts  of  the  body.  Within  this 


486   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


FIG.  102.— Vessel  No.  40.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  103.— Vessel  No.  45.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (About  five-sixths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   487 

bowl  were  decaying  fragments  of  a  skull  and  other  bones.  Capping  the  bowl  was 
a  large  fragment  of  a  vessel,  inverted.  Here  for  the  first  time  on  the  Florida  coast 
we  find  the  regular  enclosed  burial  so  often  described  by  us  as  present  along  the 
Alabama  river  and  in  mounds  of  the  Georgia  coast. 

Vessel  No.  41. — This  imperforate  bowl  was  found  inverted  over  fragments  of  a 
skull  of  an  adult.  Part  of  the  ware  had  been  crushed  in  by  a  large  root  and  the 
bowl  received  a  blow  from  a  spade,  in  addition.  The  incised  decoration  is  a  variety 
of  scroll  similar  to  that  on  Vessel  No.  20  (Fig.  23)  from  the  mound  near  Walton's 
Camp.  Maximum  diameter,  16.3  inches ;  depth,  8.3  inches. 

Vessel  No.  42. — A  bowl  crushed  to  fragments  by  a  large  root,  inverted  over 
the  fragments  of  a  skull  of  an  adult.  To  one  side  lay  a  single  shell  bead.  This 
bowl  was  sent  to  the  Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Vessel  No.  43. — A  perforate,  six-pointed,  or  star-shaped,  dish  of  black  ware 
with  the  decoration  usual  on  these  dishes,  somewhat  rudely  executed,  lay  turned 
over  some  fragments  of  bone  resembling  sawdust  more  than  anything  else. 
Maximum  diameter,  17.2  inches;  depth,  4.2  inches.  Holes  have  been  drilled  on 
either  side  of  a  crack  to  permit  the  lashing  together  of  the  parts.  This  vessel, 
which,  as  we  have  said  before,  is  of  an  entirely  new  type,  has  been  sent  to  the 
National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Vessel  No.  44. — A  bowl  of  yellow  ware,  badly  crushed  by  roots.  The  dec 
oration  is  a  form  of  the  favorite  scroll. 

Vessel  No.  45. — A  bowl  found  in  contact  with  Vessel  No.  44,  having  for 
handles  on  one  side,  three  rude  models  of  birds'  heads,  one  looking  in,  two  looking 
out,  and  on  the  other,  the  conventional  bird's  tail.  The  incised  decoration,  as  might 
be  expected,  represents  conventional  bird-wings  (Fig.  103).  Diameter  of  body,  7.75 
inches;  height,  2.7  inches.  This  vessel,  part  of  which  was  badly  crushed  by  roots, 
lay  over  minute  fragments  of  bone. 

Vessel  No.  46. — An  imperforate  dish  of  yellow  ware,  of  the  six-pointed  type, 
found  over  certain  bones  of  a  child,  with  shell  beads.  This  dish,  badly  crushed 
when  found,  has  been  pieced  together,  showing  the  usual  decoration  on  vessels 
of  this  type.  Maximum  diameter,  18  inches ;  depth,  4.7  inches. 

Vessel  No.  47. — A  bowl  with  basal  perforation,  found  lying  over  a  skull, 
occiput  down.  Pressure  against  the  chin  had  caused  the  side  of  the  bowl  to  give 
way.  One  foot  distant  and  a  little  above  the  level  of  the  inverted  rim  of  the  bowl 
were  certain  long-bones.  The  skull,  which  was  much  better  preserved  than  were 
most  from  this  cemetery,  was  sent  with  the  bowl  and  sand  for  mounting,  to  the 
Peabody  Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass.  The  decoration  on  the  bowl  is  similar  to  that 
on  Vessel  41  (Fig.  35)  from  the  mound  at  Walton's  Camp. 

Vessel  No.  48. — A  bowl  found  crushed  to  fragments,  lying  over  the  skull  of 
an  adult.  The  pieces,  carefully  collected,  were  sent  to  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  New  York  City. 

Vessel  No.  49. — A   pot,   imperforate,  with   notches    around    the   rim    and  a 


488    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


six-pointed  margin.     This  pot  was  found  inverted  (Fig.  104).     Maximum  diameter, 
5.5  inches;  depth,  3.7  inches. 

Vessel    No.   50. — An    imperforate    boAvl    of   light-colored  clay,   found,  badly 

crushed,  turned  over  the  skull  of  an  adult. 
The  incised  decoration  consists  of  diamonds, 
small  circles,  etc.,  similar  to  other  vessels 
already  figured.  From  either  side  a  head, 
presumably  that  of  a  frog,  projects  (Fig. 
105).  Again  we  would  call  attention  to 
bowls  of  Nicaragua  in  connection  with  these 
small  heads,  projecting  from  the  side.  Max 
imum  diameter,  14.5  inches;  depth,  6.8 
inches. 

Vessel  No.  51. — A  bottle  of  black  ware, 
found  lying  on  its  side  with  a  deposit  of 

Incised  decoration  shown  in  Fig.  106,  covers  the  body  and 
imperforate  base.  Diameter  of  body,  3.9  inches;  length  of  neck,  1.2  inches; 
height,  4.8  inches. 

Vessel  No.  52. — This  handsome  bowl  of  black  ware,  imperforate  "(Fig.  107)  has 


FlO.  104. — Vessel  No.  49.     Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (Half  size.) 


scattered    bones. 


FIG.  105.— Vessel  No.  50.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 

incised  decoration,  with  light  colored  material  inset  in  the  lines  (Fig.  108).  It  lay 
in  a  mass  of  human  bones  loosely  scattered.  Maximum  diameter,  4.9  inches; 
depth,  3.5  inches. 

Vessel  No.  53. — An  imperforate  bowl  with  lined  decoration  and  conventional 
legs  and  paws  below,  lay  inverted  in  the  same  mass  of  bones  as  Vessel  No.  52  and 
about  one  yard  from  it  (Fig.  109). 

Vessel  No.  54. — This  vase,  of  inferior  yellow  ware,  lay  on  its  side  in  the  same 
mass  of  bones  from  which  came  Vessel  No.  51.  The  decoration  is  punctate  with 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    489 


FIG.  106.— Vessel  No.  51.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  107. — Vessel  No.  52.     Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


490    CERTAIN  "ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

the  favorite  scroll  (Fig.   110).      There    is    a  basal  perforation  made  previous  to 
baking.     Maximum  diameter,  3.6  inches  ;  height,  3  inches. 


FIG.  108.— Decoration,  Vessel  No.  52.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(One-third  size.) 


FIG.  109. — Vessel  No.  53.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (About  seven-twelfths  size.) 


FIG.  110. — Vessel  No.  54.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   491 


Vessel  No.  55. — A  bowl,  imperforate,  with  symbolical  decoration  rudely 
executed  (Fig.  111).  Maximum  diameter,  6.5  inches;  depth,  3.5  inches.  This 
bowl,  one  side  of  which  was  crushed  by  a  blow  from  a  spade,  lay  over  the  skull  of 
a  child. 

Vessel  No.  56. — This  vessel  lay  on  its  side,  in  the  pottery  deposit  just  beneath 
the  surface.  The  ware  is  poor  and  rather  rudely  decorated.  The  rim  has  two  per 
forations  for  suspension,  a  feature  seldom  met  with  in  this  section.  A  basal 
perforation  lies  to  one  side  of  the  center.  Parts  of  the  vessel  are  missing. 
Maximum  diameter,  5.3  inches;  height,  4  inches;  aperture,  4.5  inches  (Fig.  112). 

Vessel  No.  57. — This  small,  six-pointed  dish  of  bright  yellow  ware,  perforate  as 
to  the  base,  lay  in  a  deposit  of  pottery  and,  like  nearly  all  vessels  from  such  deposits, 
it  is  imperfect,  having  one  corner  missing. 


FIG.  1H. — Vessel  No.  55.     Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  112.—  Vessel  No.  56.     Cemetery  near 
Point  Washington.     (Half  size.) 


Fig.  113  shows  a  number  of  handles  of  vessels  from  the  cemetery  near 
Point  Washington.  The  heads  of  various  birds  are  shown  in  a,  b,  c,  f,  h,  and 
i.  An  unusual  form,  two  birds'  heads,  each  looking  in  an  opposite  direction,  is 
shown  in  g.  The  head  of  a  turtle  is  poorly  represented  by  j.  In  reality  the  head 
is  very  life-like,  being  of  black  ware  decorated  with  red  paint.  The  animals 
represented  in  d  and  e  are  doubtless  dogs.  Cabe^a  de  Vaca,  during  his  travels, 
met  with  many  aboriginal  dogs. 

.  In    Fig.    114   we  have    additional    handles    of    vessels    from    the    cemetery. 

Heads  of  owls,  presumably,  are 
shown  in  a  and  c.  We  have 
in  b  an  entire  bird  with  a  head 
disproportionately  large.  A 
bird's  head  is  shown  in  d.  An 
other  dog  is  figured  in  e. 

Fig.  115  shows  symbolical 
decoration  on  a  large  sherd. 


FIG.  115. — Decoration  from  part  of  vessel.     Cemetery  near 
Point  Washington.     (One-third  size.) 


63  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


CL 


FIG.  113. — Handles  of  Vessels.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 


Fi«.  114. — Handles  of  Vessels.    Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Full  size.) 


494   CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 


The  head  of  an  owl,  a  handle  on  a  vessel,  is  shown  in  Fig.  116.  The 
ware  is  most  excellent  and  there  is  decoration  with  red  paint. 

Fig.  117  gives  a  large  frog's  head. 

In  Figs.  118,  119,  we  have  two  views  of  a 
part  of  a  vessel  which  has  had  the  head  of  a  bird 
projecting  upward  and  wings  extending  horizon 
tally  as  handles. 

A  human  head  belonging  to  a  bowl  is  shown 
in  Fig.  120.  This  head  is  hollow  and  small  objects 
within  rattle  when  shaken.  Fig.  121  represents 
a  fragment  of  a  vessel  having  for  a  handle  the 
head  of  a  serpent.  To  the  reader's  left  may  be 
seen  a  place  on  the  vessel  from  which  another 
head,  presumably  that  of  a  serpent  also,  has  dis 
appeared.  To  one  familiar  with  the  markings  on 
a  Florida  rattlesnake,  the  diamond-shaped  design  on  the  vessel  must  be  highly 


FIG.  116. — Sherd.    Cemetery  near  Point 
Washington.     (One-third  size.) 


FIG.  117. — Sherd.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington.     (Ahout  two-thirds  size.) 


Flo.  118. — Sherd.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(Half  size.) 


FIG.  119. —Same.     Another  view. 

(Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.   495 


suggestive.  The  aborigines  of  Florida,  in  common  with  those  of  many  other  places, 
held  the  serpent  in  high  esteem.  "  Nor  have  I  seen  a  savage  who  would  willingly 
kill  a. snake,"  says  Captain  Bernard  Romans  in  his  "Concise  Natural  History  of 
East  and  West  Florida."1 


FIG.  120.— Handle  of  Vessel.     Cemetery  near  ijoint  Washington.     (Full  size.) 

William  Bartram,  who  travelled  in  Florida  before  our  Revolutionary  War,  tells 
most  amusingly  of  how  a  rattlesnake,  having  full  possession  of  an  Indian  village, 

was  killed  by  him,  and  how,  afterward, 
certain  braves  feigned  a  fierce  attack 
upon  him,  with  much  noise,  that  the 
manes  of  the  snake,  believing  them  to 
be  his  avengers,  might  be  appeased.2 

We  have  found  a  small  effigy  of  a 
snake  in  copper  in  the  mound  at  Mt. 
Royal,  St.  John's  river,  Florida,  which 
place  we  believe  to  be  the  site  of  the 
town  of  the  great  King,  near  the  lake 


Fics.  121.— Sherd.     Cemetery  near  Point  Washington. 
(One-third  size.) 


1  Page  101. 

2  Travels.     Dublin,  1793,  p.  258  et  seq. 


496    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST. 

(Lake  George)  visited  by  part  of  the  colony  of  Huguenot  French  on  their  journey 
up  the  river,  the  rest  remaining  at  Fort  Caroline  near  the  river's  mouth. 

MOUND  NEAR  HOGTOWN  BAYOU,  CHOCTAWHATCHEE  BAY,  WASHINGTON 

COUNTY,  FLA. 

At  Hogtown  Bayou  are  the  principal  shell  deposits  of  Choctawhatchee  bay, 
which  are  extensive,  but  in  no  wise  comparable  with  those  of  the  St.  John's  river, 
or  with  many  on  the  Florida  east  coast,  or  on  parts  of  the  west  coast,  farther  south. 

It  is  our  belief  that  a  cemetery  lies  undiscovered  at  this  place,  as  previous 
search  by  others  has  failed  to  locate  a  mound  there,  and  careful  investigation  on 
our  part  availed  only  to  find  a  small  mound  near  the  water's  edge,  about  one  mile 
up  the  bayou  on  the  south  side.  This  mound  contained  no  burials. 

The  results  of  our  exploration  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  so  far  as  we 
have  gone,  that  is  from  the  Alabama  boundary  to  the  easternmost  extremity  of 
Choctawhatchee  bay,  are  of  considerable  interest. 

A  new  form  of  burial  has  been  met  with  in  our  work,  namely,  that  where  a 
lone  skull  or  a  skull  with  a  few  bones  lies  beneath  a  down-turned  vessel  of  earthen 
ware.  In  but  one  case  was  the  enclosed  form  of  burial  found,  i.  e.,  where  human 
remains  placed  in  a  vessel  are  covered  by  an  inverted  dish,  bowl  or  large  fragment 
of  earthenware.  Incidentally,  we  may  say  the  inverted  vessel  over  human  remains 
lying  on  sand  prevails  in  Georgia,  but  these  remains  have  been  cremated,  while 
cremation  has  not  been  met  with  on  that  part  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast  inves 
tigated  by  us. 

Little  of  interest  but  earthenware  has  come  from  the  mounds  and  cemeteries 
lately  explored  by  us,  but  of  earthenware  a  most  striking  collection  has  been 
obtained.  This  ware  is  purely  aboriginal  in  style,  no  trace  of  European  influence 
appearing  in  its  make  or  decoration,  which  latter  is  largely  symbolical.  A  mix 
ture  of  cultures  is  plainly  apparent  in  this  ware.  We  have  many  of  the  life-forms 
of  the  ware  of  the  middle  Mississippi  district,  but  the  admixture  of  coarsely 
powdered  shell  in  use  in  that  section  is  wanting  in  the  clay  of  vessels  here.  We 
find  the  complicated  stamp  decoration  of  Georgia  and  of  Carolina,  but  the  temper 
ing  of  the  clay  with  small  pebbles  forming  "  gritty  ware  "  is  not  met  with.  We 
encounter  in  this  northwest  Florida  district,  ware  from  the  soft  paste  of  the  kind  so 
well  known  in  peninsular  Florida  to  the  eastward,  while,  on  the  other  hand,  we  find 
the  black,  polished  ware  of  Mississippi  and  districts  to  the  westward  of  our  field  of 
research. 

The  small  check-stamp  found  everywhere  else  by  us  is  also  abundantly  present 
in  the  district  we  have  lately  explored. 

Perforation  of  the  base  of  earthenware  interred  with  the  dead,  so  widely  prac 
tised  in  peninsular  Florida  and  occasionally  met  with  in  lower  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
though  unknown,  we  believe,  in  the  middle  Mississippi  district  which  seems  so 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  N.  W.  FLORIDA  COAST.    497 

greatly  to  have  influenced  the  ware  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  is  very  preva 
lent  in  this  coast  district.  This  mutilation  of  base  consisted  in  the  knocking  out 
of  a  small  portion  before  interment  with  the  dead  in  fulfilment  of  some  ceremonial 
rite.  In  peninsular  Florida,  as  we  have  already  pointed  out  in  this  Report,  the 
aborigines  went  a  step  farther  and  prepared  in  advance,  presumably,  flimsy  mortu 
ary  ware  with  a  base-perforation  made  during  process  of  manufacture.  This  ready 
made  mortuary  perforation,  which  we  have  never  encountered  in  Alabama,  Georgia 
or  Carolina,  was  met  with  by  us,  in  our  researches  this  season  in  very  few  instances 
and  to  the  eastward  of  Pensacola  bay  only.  It  might  seem  that  the  custom  to 
perforate  the  base  of  earthenware  by  fracture,  originating  in  Florida,  or  brought 
there  from  we  know  not  where,  spread  upward  and  sideward  to  a  limited  extent  and 
that  ready  made  mortuary  perforation,  probably  a  refinement  and  an  afterthought, 
was  less  widely  disseminated.  All  this,  however,  before  final  conclusion,  had  best 
await  results  of  work  we  hope  to  be  able  to  do  the  coming  season. 


MAP  OF  THE  TOMBICBK  RIVER  FROM  COLUMBUS 

Reduced  from  Governments 
Seal*  in  miles 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 

BY  CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 

Two  years  ago,  in  1899,  we  investigated  the  antiquities  of  the  Alabama  and 
Mobile  rivers 1  with  rather  interesting  results,  showing  the  existence  on  the  Alabama 
river  of  the  custom  of  plural  burials  of  uncremated  remains  in  urns,  these  urns 
being  capped  by  other  vessels  inverted. 

It  seemed  to  us  that  an  investigation  of  the  Tombigbee  river,  which,  with  the 
Alabama,  forms  the  Mobile  river,  would  be  desirable. 

To  facilitate  and  greatly  to  expedite  our  work,  J.  S.  Raybon,  Captain  of  the 
flat-bottomed  steamer  from  which  our  mound  work  is  done,  started  with  a  compan 
ion  from  Columbus,  Miss.,  on  the  Little  Tombigbee  river,  and  pursued  a  downward 
course  to  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Black  Warrior  and  on  down  the  Tom 
bigbee  river  (see  map)  to  its  union  with  the  Alabama,  in  all  a  distance  of  about 
334  miles. 

In  this  work,  which  was  most  conscientiously  done,  Captain  Raybon  spent 
nearly  four  months,  and  located,  we  believe,  nearly  every  camp-site  and  mound  of 
the  entire  territory  covered  by  him.  The  owners  of  these  antiquities,  addressed  in 
advance,  almost  unanimously  granted  permission  to  investigate,  so,  from  the  outset 
of  our  work  in  the  winter  of  1901,  our  entire  time  could  be  devoted  to  direct 
research. 

Elaborate  charts,  in  sections,  kindly  furnished  us  by  Major  William  T.  Rossell, 
U.  S.  Engineer,  Mobile,  Ala.,  and  R.  C.  McCalla,  Esq.,  Assistant  Engineer,  Tusca- 
loosa,  Ala.,  greatly  facilitated  our  work. 

We  had  hoped,  on  the  Tombigbee  river,  to  locate  cemeteries  at  or  near  locali 
ties  showing  former  aboriginal  occupation,  but  after  much  search  with  sounding  rods 
and  with  trenches  without  favorable  result  of  any  sort,  work  on  camp-sites  was- 
abandoned  and  mounds  alone  were  looked  into. 

After  six  weeks'  work  vigorously  pushed  by  our  large  party,  including  our 
trained  diggers  aided  by  ample  local  assistance,  where  necessary,  so  little  in  a  posi 
tive  way  had  been  gained  by  us  that  our  search  was  given  up  at  Bickley's  Landing, 
29  miles  below  Demopolis,  Ala.,  and  178  miles  from  Columbus,  Miss,  our  starting 
point.  From  Bickley's  Landing  to  the  union  of  the  Tombigbee  with  the  Alabama 
is  a  distance  of  156  miles,  left  uncovered  by  us.  Reports  from  this  territory  were 
less  encouraging  than  had  been  those  from  that  investigated  by  us. 

1  "Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Alabama  River,"  Journal  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  XI. 

64  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


500       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 

We  give,  for  the  use  of  any  future  explorer,  a  list  of  camp-sites  and  mounds  on 
the  Little  Tombigbee  and  Tombigbee  rivers,  as  located  by  Captain  Raybon.  We  are, 
of  course,  unable  to  vouch  for  the  nature  of  those  below  the  end  of  our  investiga 
tion  and  show  on  the  map  only  such  as  were  visited  by  us. 

We  wish  to  extend  sincere  thanks  to  all  owners  of  property  who  kindly  granted 
us  permission  to  investigate,  and  where  such  permission  was  accorded  it  is  so  stated 
in  our  list. 

Butler's  Gin,  mound,  James  Cox,  Esq. 

Chowder  Spring,  mounds,  William  S.  Mustin,  Esq,,  permission. 

Chowder  Spring,  mound,  Messrs.  Halbert  &  Vaughn,  permission. 

Halbert  Lake,  mound,  P.  M.  Halbert,  Esq. 

Moore's  Bluff,  camp-sites,  J.  T.  W.  Hairston,  Esq.,  permission. 

Moore's  Bluff,  camp-site,  W.  Snowton,  Esq. 

Blue  Rock  Landing,  camp-sites,  A.  B.  Mybrick,  Esq.,  permission. 

Wild  Cat  Bend,  mound  and  camp-site,  J.  T.  W.  Hairston,  Esq.,  permission. 

Union  Bluff,  camp-site,  Hon.  T.  B.  Franklin,  permission. 

Opposite  Union  Bluff',  mound,  J.  T.  W.  Hairston,  Esq.,  permission. 

Jim  Creek,  camp-site,  William  Baldwin,  Esq. 

Pumpkin  Landing,  camp-site,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Monk. 

Davis  Gin  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  J.  E.  Stewart,  Esq. 

McLaren's  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  Winston  Jones,  Esq. 

Pickensville  Landing,  camp-site,  Mrs.  W.  A.  Peterson,  permission. 

Pickensville  Landing,  camp-site,  W.  H.  Horton,  Esq.,  permission. 

Jackson  Landing,  camp-site,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Jones. 

Ringgold's  Bluff,  camp-site,  Milton  B.  Curry,  Esq.,  permission. 

Ringgold's  Bluff,  mound  and  camp-sites,  Mrs.  Susan  West,  permission. 

McFatton  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  B.  B.  Cohen,  Esq.,  permission. 

Carraway  Landing,  camp-site,  Mrs.  Caroline  Carraway. 

Memphis  Landing,' mound,  Mr.  Mouchett,  permission. 

Blubber  Creek,  mounds,  Lee  Stone,  Esq.,  permission. 

Coleman  Landing,  mounds  and  camp-sites,  A.  H.  Cooper,  Esq.,  permission. 

Clanton  Landing,  camp-sites,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Bradford,  permission. 

Stone's  Ferry,  camp-site,  Richard  Lang,  Esq. 

Summerville,  mound,  James  B.  Summerville,  Esq.,  permission. 

Kearney's  Bluff,  camp-site,  William  Hagaman,  Esq.,  permission. 

Ballard  Lake,  camp-site,  William  Hagaman,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cat-fish  Landing,  camp-sites,  James  Luke,  Esq.,  permission. 

Windham  Landing,  mound  and  camp-sites,  W.  B.  Peebles,  Esq.,  permission. 

Sipsey  Landing,  camp-site,  D.  Poynor,  Esq.,  permission. 

Hill's  Landing,  camp-site,  John  W.  Cook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Opposite  Barnes'  Gin,  camp-site,  John  W.  Cook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Barnes'  Gin,  camp-site,  Messrs.  W.  M:  and  J.  A.  Halsell,  permission. 

Kibbler's  Landing,  camp-site,  Messrs.  W.  M.  and  J.  A.  Halsell,  permission. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       501 

China  Bluff  Landing,  camp-site,  John  W.  Cook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Craig's  Landing,  mounds,  John  W.  Cook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Taylor's  Landing,  mounds,  Mrs.  Jane  Pettit,  permission. 

Smith's  Ferry,  camp-site,  Hugh  Lang,  Esq.,  permission. 

Goodson's  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  Logan  Waller,  Esq.,  permission. 

Noxubee  river,  camp-sites,  R.  Hibler,  Esq.,  permission. 

Gainesville,  camp-site,  B.  May,  Esq. 

Gainesville,  camp-site,  Dr.  Williams,  permission. 

Jolley's  Woodyard,  mound,  J.  H.  Rogers,  Esq.,  permission. 

Swilley  Landing,  camp-site,  Freemon  Cook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Croft  Landing,  camp-sites,  J.  J.  Drew,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cook  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  B.  A.  J.  Outland,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cook  Landing,  mound,.  J.  C.  Childs,  Esq. 

Bates'  Gin,  camp-site,  Samuel  Jones,  Esq.,  permission. 

Hayes'  Ferry,  camp-site,  E.  F.  Bouchelle,  Esq.,  permission. 

Epes,  mound,  Doctor  Epes. 

Hilman's  Landing,  mound,  J.  J.  Hilman,  Esq.,  permission. 

Martin's  Ferry,  camp-sites,  J.  J.  Hilman,  Esq.,  permission. 

East  Bluifport,  camp-sites,  James  Hewbanks,  Esq.,  permission. 

Durden's  Ferry,  camp-site,  Louis  Salem,  Esq. 

Durden's  Ferry,  camp-site,  W.  B.  Baltzell,  Esq.,  permission. 

Lipscomb  Gin,  mounds  and  camp-sites,  E.  P.  Lipscornb,  Esq. 

Brasfield  Landing,  mound,  J.  S.  Brasfield,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cole's  Landing,  mounds  and  sites,  Mrs.  Hugh  Cole,  permission. 

Gather's  Landing,  mound  and  site,  Messrs.  Mayer  Brothers,  permission. 

Tutt's  Landing,  camp-site,  Messrs.  Mayer  Brothers,  permission. 

Demopolis,  mound,  Hon.  T.  F.  Howze,  permission. 

Spragins'  Mill,  mound,  T.  S.  Spragins,  Esq.,  permission. 

Simmons'  Landing,  mounds,  Robert  B.  Flowers,  Esq.,  permission. 

West  Pace's  Landing,  mounds,  J.  B.  Meriwether,  Esq.,  permission. 

Moscow,  mounds,  R.  W.  Larkins,  Esq.,  permission. 

Hart's  Lower  Landing,  camp-site,  J.  T.  Hart,  Esq.,  permission. 

Black  Bluff,  camp-site,  Abram  Abrams,  Esq. 

Bryan's  Burn,  mound,  John  Erwin,  Esq. 

Beck's  Sawmill,  mounds,  Thomas  J.  Beck,  Esq.,  permission. 

Bickley's  Landing,  mounds,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Crane,  permission. 

Rembert  Landing,  mounds,  D.  J.  Meador,  Esq.,  permission. 

Oakchia  Landing,  mounds,  W.  B.  Gilmer,  Esq. 

Stiner  Landing,  mounds,  K.  Stiner,  Esq. 

Breckenridge  Landing,  mounds,  Messrs.  J.  D.  Carter  and  Brother,  permission. 

Breckenridge  Landing,  mounds  and  camp-sites,  W.  H.  Evington,  Esq. 

Mann's  Ferry,  mounds,  Hon.  W.  H.  Taylor,  permission. 

Mann's  Ferry,  mounds,  Misses  M.  E.  and  E.  V.  Luther,  permission. 


502       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 

Mann's  Ferry,  mounds,  Messrs.  H.  A.  and  D.  D.  Woolf,  permission. 

Brown  Landing,  mounds,  J.  A.  Walters,  Esq.,  permission. 

Tuskahoma,  mound,  B.  B.  Nobles,  Esq.,  permission. 

Campbell's  Landing,  mound,  S.  P.  Noble,  Esq.,  permission. 

Opposite  Bashi  Creek,  camp-site,  J.  S.  Henson,  Esq.,  permission. 

Bashi  Creek,  mound,  S.  P.  Noble,  Esq.,  permission. 

Opposite  Wildcat  Landing,  mound  and  camp-site,  S.  P.  Noble,  Esq.,  permission. 

Turner's  Shoals,  camp-site,  Mrs.  Monetta. 

Opposite  Oktippa  Creek,  camp-site,  Mrs.  E.  Monetta. 

Opposite  Powe's  Landing,  mounds,  II.  A.  Powe,  Esq.,  permission. 

Thornton's  Upper  Landing,  mound,  T.  J.  Cowan,  Esq.,  permission. 

Thornton's  Upper  Landing,  camp-sites,  J.  P.  Armistead,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cox's  Landing,  mound,  J.  W.  Nichols,  Esq.,  permission. 

Bass'  Landing,  mound,  D.  B.  Bass,  Esq.,  permission. 

Malone's  Landing,  mound  and  site,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Malone,  permission. 

Buck  Landing,  mound,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Malone,  permission. 

Santa  Bogue  Creek,  mound,  F.  Boykin,  Esq. 

Peavy's  Landing,  mound,  F.  Boykin,  Esq. 

Jackson,  mounds,  Charles  Saint,  Esq.,  permission. 

Jackson,  mound,  C.  W.  Zimmerman,  Esq.,  permission. 

Jackson,  mound,  T.  I.  Kimbell,  Esq.,  permission. 

Bolan's  Woody ard,  mound,  James  Richardson,  Esq. 

Games'  Upper  Landing,  mound,  H.  L.  Gaines,  Esq.,  permission. 

Carney's  Bluff,  mound,  P.  A.  Bryant,  Esq.,  permission. 

Payne's  Woodyard,  mound,  T.  H.  Bush,  Esq. 

Mclntosh  Landing,  mound,  A.  F.  Hook,  Esq.,  permission. 

Upham's  Mill,  mound,  William  Mehars,  Esq. 

Cut-off,  mound,  C.  G.  Foot,  Esq.,  permission. 

Cut-off,  mound,  G.  D.  Tuatt,  Esq. 

MOUND  AT  BUTLER'S  GIN,  LOWNDES  COUNTY,  Miss. 

The  mound,  oblong  in  shape,  is  in  a  cultivated  field  about  200  paces  S.  S.  E. 
from  the  landing,  o'n  property  of  Mr.  James  Cox,  of  Columbus,  Miss.  It  is  8  feet 
high,  with  basal  diameters  of  128  feet  and  180  feet.  The  diameters  of  the  summit 
plateau  are  80  feet  and  137  feet.  This  mound  is  a  refuge  in  flood  time,  and  has 
houses  upon  it.  No  investigation  was  allowed. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  CHOWDER  SPRING  LANDING,  LOWNDES  COUNTY,  Miss. 

In  a  cultivated  field,  about  250  yards  N.  N.  E.  from  the  landing,  on  property 
of  William  S.  Mustin,  Esq.,  of  Columbus,  Miss.,  is  a  mound  of  circular  outline,  5 
feet  8  inches  high,  80  feet  across  the  base.  Part  has  been  under  cultivation.  On 
the  other  portion  is  a  small  log  cabin.  Considerable  excavation  in  various  parts 
showed  the  mound  to  be  of  sandy  clay.  This  mound  was  probably  domiciliary. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       503 

About  100  yards  N.  N.  W.  from  the  preceding,  in  woods  bordering  the  field,  is 
a  mound  on  property  of  Messrs.  Halbert  and  Vaughn,  Columbus,  Miss.  The 
mound  is  of  sandy  clay.  Wash  of  freshets  has  made  its  outline  irregular.  It  is  5 
feet  3  inches  in  height  and  90  feet  by  104  feet  across  the  base.  The  mound  was 
largely  dug  into  by  us  to  the  base,  including  central  parts,  resulting  in  the  finding 
of  several  bunched  burials  and  a  number  of  isolated  bones.  We  may  say  here, 
for  the  benefit  of  those  not  familiar  with  mound  work,  that  the  bunched  burial 
consists  of  a  lot  of  loose  bones  piled  together  in  a  heap.  It  was  often  the  aboriginal 
custom  to  expose  the  dead  until  the  flesh  disappeared  and  to  bury  the  bones  at 
certain  intervals  of  time.  One  small,  rude,  clay  pot  with  a  loop-shaped  handle  at 
either  side  of  the  rim  was  found  unassociated. 

In  the  Burrell  field,  about  one-half  mile  in  a  straight  course  N.  E.  from  Wild 
Cat  Bend,  is  a  mound  on  the  property  of  J.  T.  W.  Hairston,  Esq.,  of  Martinsville, 
Va.  It  is  of  clayey  sand,  3  feet  2  inches  high,  and  60  feet  by  70  feet  across  the 
base.  This  mound  was  largely  excavated  without  result. 

In  the  same  field,  which  was  a  dwelling  site,  apparently,  considerable  sound 
ing  was  done  with  iron  rods.  About  one  foot  below  the  surface  one  skeleton  was 
met  with,  buried  on  the  left  side  with  the  thighs  at  right  angles  to  the  body  and 
the  legs  parallel  to  the  thighs. 

COLEMAN  MOUND,  LOWNDES  COUNTY,  Miss. 

This  mound,  well  known  through  all  the  district,  probably  originally  was  a 
parallelogram  in  shape,  but  the  washing  of  high  water  has  made  the  outline  irregu 
lar.  It  is  about  one  mile  in  a  northerly  direction  from  Union  Bluff,  on  property  of 
J.  T.  W.  Hairston,  Esq.,  of  Martinsville,  Va.  Though  the  owner  courteously  gave 
us  permission  to  dig,  we  refrained  from  doing  so,  as  the  mound  was  of  the  regular 
domiciliary  type  and,  farthermore,  its  great  value  as  a  place  of  refuge,  and  the 
presence  of  a  number  of  houses  upon  it,  made  investigation  inexpedient. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  GOOSE  POND,  PICKENS  COUNTY,  ALA. 

Goose  Pond  is  in  the  swamp  about  one  mile  in  a  westerly  direction  from  Mc- 
Fatton  Landing.  Near  the  pond  are  three  mounds,  within  a  few  feet  of  one 
another,  on  property  of  B.  B.  Cohen,  Esq.,  Sheffield,  Ala. 

The  most  northwesterly,  about  30  feet  in  diameter  and  2  feet  3  inches  in 
height,  had  a  previous  excavation  in  the  center,  about  5  feet  in  diameter.  Con 
siderable  digging  on  our  part  in  the  loamy  sand  yielded  one  bunched  burial — a  pile 
of  bones  surmounted  by  a  skull. 

The  middle  mound  had  been  cut  to  pieces  by  previous  digging. 

The  most  southeasterly  of  the  mounds,  of  loamy  sand,  24  feet  diameter  of  base, 
1  foot  9  inches  in  height,  though  previously  untouched,  yielded  nothing  to  a  care 
ful  examination. 


504       CERTAtN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 


©•"-•»- 


MOtMSATIUUKICIEH 


Fio.  1. — Mounds  at  Blubber  Creek. 


MOUNDS  NEAR  BLUBBER  CREEK,  PICKENS  COUNTY,  ALA. 

About  130  feet  from  the  river's  bank  and  300  yards  south  of  Blubber  creek, 
approximately,  were  five  mounds  on  property  of  Lee  Stone,  Esq.,  Birmingham,  Ala., 
nearly  in  a  straight  line  N.  W.  and  S.  E.,  and  two  in  a  more  southerly  direction,  as 

shown  in  the  plan  (Fig.  1). 

Mound  A,  the  most  northwesterly,  like 
all  the  others,  consisted  of  sand,  with  perhaps 
a  slight  admixture  of  clay.  A  great  tree 
grew  upon  it,  filling  it  almost  solidly  with 
roots.  Slight  investigation  yielded  nothing. 
Mound  B  was  practically  dug  away.  At 
the  center  of  the  base  were  a  few  fragments 
of  bones,  badly  decayed,  and  teeth  of  an  in 
fant.  With  these  were  a  few  small  shells, 
perforated  for  use  as  beads,  and  a  small  num 
ber  of  shell  beads.  With  these  bones  was  a 
water- worn  boulder,  11  inches  in  diameter 
and  three  inches  thick,  considerably  pitted 
on  either  side — doubtless  used  for  pounding 
maize.  Beneath  this  stone  was  a  great  number  of  pebbles,  some  broken. 

Mound  C  was  entirely  dug  away.  At  two  points  were  a  few  fragments  of 
human  bone  and,  30  inches  down  at  the  center  of  the  base,  were  some  bones  of  a 
child  with  milk  teeth,  having  shell  beads  at  the  neck. 

Mound  D  was  dug  out  as  to  its  central  parts.  One  human  tooth  alone  was 
met  with. 

The  central  parts  of  Mound  E  were  dug  through.  The  bones,  or  part  of  the 
bones,  of  an  adult  were  met  with  20  inches  down ;  also  fragments  of  bones  near 
the  margin. 

Mound  F  seemed  to  have  been  a  dwelling  site  and  to  have  grown  by  slow 
deposit.  The  sand  was  dark  with  organic  matter,  and  fire-places  were  here  and 
there.  There  were  much  broken  pottery  and  two  discs  cut  from  fragments  of  pots. 
Discs  of  this  kind,  of  which  we  have  frequently  written  before,  were  doubtless  used 
in  a  game.  They  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
have  been  met  with  by  us  in  numbers  along  the  Alabama  river,  in  South  Carolina 
and  in  Georgia,  but  not  in  peninsular  Florida. 

Mound  G  was  centrally  dug  out.  A  few  decayed  bones  of  an  adult  were  met 
with  and  a  rude  arrowhead  of  chert  loose  in  the  sand. 


MOUND    AT    SUMMERVILLE,    PlCKENS   COUNTY,    ALA. 

In  a  great  cultivated  field,  about  one-half  mile  in  an  easterly  direction  from 
the  landing,  on  property  of  James  B.  Summerville,  Esq.,  of  Stone,  Ala.,  is  a  mound 
roughly  circular  in  outline,  rising  about  11  feet  above  the  general  level,  though. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       505 

from  excavations  near  the  base,  whence  material  for  the  mound  came,  it  seems 
much  higher.  It  is  circular  in  outline,  172  feet  across  the  base,  with  a  diameter 
of  100  feet  on  the  summit  plateau.  This  mound,  of  great  value  to  the  owner, 
to  pen  stock  in  time  of  freshet,  was  entrusted  to  us  with  a  courtesy  that  marked 
so  many  mound  proprietors  of  Mississippi  and  of  Alabama.  As  excavations  on 
the  sides,  though  refilled,  would  leave  the  mound  subject  to  wash  when  exposed 
to  water,  trenches  were  dug  on  the  summit  plateau  only.  A  number  of  these 
showed  the  mound  to  be  of  clayey  sand  with  here  and  there  fire-places  and  refuse 
material.  This  mound,  like  others  of  its  class,  was  erected,  doubtless,  as  a  living 
site  and  a  place  of  refuge. 

MOUND   AT    WlNDHAM    LANDING,    PlCKENS   COUNTY,    ALA. 

This  mound,  on  the  edge  of  a  cultivated  field,  about  150  yards  N.W.  from  the 
landing,  on  property  of  W.  B.  Peebles,  Esq.,  of  Vienna,  Ala.,  was  19  feet  in 
diameter  and  1  foot  8  inches  high.  The  removal  of  two-thirds  of  the  mound, 
including  the  center,  showed  neither  burial  nor  artifacts. 

MOUND  AT  COOK'S  LANDING,  GREENE  COUNTY,  ALA. 

In  a  cultivated  field,  about  300  yards  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction  from  the  landing, 
on  property  of  J.  C.  Childs,  Esq.,  of  Warsaw,  Ala.,  is  a  mound  covered  with  trees, 
very  symmetrical,  5  feet  high,  35  feet  across  the  base.  Previous  to  our  coming,  a 
trench  had  been  dug  in  from  the  margin  and  the  immediate  center  of  the  mound 
removed.  The  southern  half  of  the  mound  was  dug  through  by  us,  showing  it  to 
be  of  clayey  sand  in  places  and  of  clay  in  others.  No  bones  or  artifacts  were  found. 

MOUND  NEAR  HILMAN'S  LANDING,  SUMTER  COUNTY,  ALA. 

In  a  cultivated  field  about  one-half  mile  S.  E.  from  Hilman's  Landing  is  a 
mound  6.5  feet  in  height,  on  property  of  J.  J.  Hilman,  Esq.,  of  Epes,  Ala.  Wash 
of  water  in  time  of  freshet  had  given  it  a  rather  irregular  outline.  Its  diameter  of 
base  is  about  108  feet,  and  that  of  the  summit  plateau  is  62  feet.  As  houses  were 
upon  it,  and  as  it  was  clearly  of  a  domiciliary  type,  no  digging  was  done  by  us. 

CAMP-SITE,  EAST  BLUFFPORT  LANDING,  GREENE  COUNTY,  ALA. 

At  East  Bluffport,  on  property  of  Mr.  James  Hewbanks,  colored,  are  extensive 
fields,  over  which  the  river  has  swept  at  times,  giving  them  the  appearance  of  the 
cemetery  at  Durand's  Bend  on  the  Alabama  river,  which  we  have  described  in 
another  Report.  Arrowheads  of  chert,  small  bits  of  human  bone  and  fragments  of 
pottery  are  abundant  in  places,  but,  unlike  the  case  at  Durand's  Bend,  the  potsherds 
were,  as  a  rule,  small  and  undecorated,  coming,  seemingly,  from  cooking  utensils  of 
moderate  size  rather  than  from  great  burial  urns  or  from  the  decorated  vessels  that 
usually  surmounted  them.  A  careful  examination  of  the  territory  yielded  nothing 


506       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 


FIG.  2.— Knife.  East  Bluff- 
port  Lauding.  (Full 
size.) 


underground,  and,  besides  arrowheads,  only  a  small  semilunar  knife,  chipped  from 
a  jasper  pebble,  from  the  surface  (Fig.  2).  From  the  owner  of  the  property  we 

obtained  a  rude  undecorated  earthenware  pipe  of  considerable 

size,  somewhat  broken. 

BRASFIELD  MOUND,  BRASFIELD  LANDING,  GREENE  COUNTY,  ALA. 
This  noble  mound  towers  above  cultivated  fields  about 
one-half  mile  in  a  N.  E.  direction  from  Brasfield  Landing,  on 
property  of  J.  Stanhope  Brasfield,  Esq.,  of  Demopolis,  Ala. 
This  mound  and  the  Grant  mound  near  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  John's  river,  Florida,  are  the  most  impressive  in  appear 
ance  it  has  been  our  fortune  to  meet  with.  The  mound,  on 
land  high  above  the  wash  of  freshets,,  has  to-day  as  sharp  an 
outline,  practically,  as  when  it  was  completed.  Oblong  in 
shape,  its  upward  slope  is  at  an  angle  of  30  degrees.  Its 
base  has  a  length  of  200  feet  running  N.  W.  by  N.  and  S.  E.  by 
S.  and  a  minor  diameter  of  168  feet.  The  summit  plateau  is 
135  feet  by  105  feet.  The  mound,  measured  at  the  ends,  is 
about  19  feet  in  height.  At  the  sides  it  is  somewhat  less, 

owing  to  an  upward  slope  of  the  surrounding  territory.  There  is  no  graded  way 
or  means  of  access  to  the  summit  save  by  clambering  up  the  sides.  Certain  ter 
races  in  the  neighborhood,  we  were  told,  had  no  connection  with  the  mound,  being 
circle-ditches  made  in  recent  times  to  prevent  the  wash  of  rain.  As  domiciliary 
mounds  of  this  character  sometimes  have  burials  near  the  surface,  trenches  were 
dug  in  the  summit  plateau  with  no  other  result  than  to  show  the  mound  to  be 
made  of  various  materials — of  sand,  of  clay  and  of  sand  and  clay. 

It  was  such  mounds  as  this,  doubtless,  that  De  Soto's  men  saw  on  their  march, 
and  an  extract  from  Pickett's  "  History  of  Alabama,"  l  taken  from  Garcillasso  de 
la  Vega,  may  not  be  out  of  place  : 

"  The  houses  of  the  Chiefs,  with  but  few  exceptions,  stood  upon  large  and 
elevated  artificial  mounds.  When  the  Indians  of  1540  resolved  to  build  a  town,  the 
site  of  which  was  usually  selected  upon  low,  rich  land,  by  the  side  of  a  beautiful 
stream,  they  were  accustomed,  first,  to  turn  their  attention  to  the  erection  of  a 
mound  from  twenty  to  fifty  feet  high,  round  on  the  sides,  but  flat  on  top.  The 
top  was  capable  of  sustaining  the  houses  of  the  Chief  and  those  of  his  family  and 
attendants ;  making  a  little  village  by  itself  of  from  ten  to  twenty  cabins,  elevated 
high  in  the  air.  The  earth  to  make  this  mound  was  brought  to  the  spot.  At  the 
foot  of  this  eminence  a  square  was  marked  out,  around  which  the  principal  men 
placed  their  houses.  The  inferior  classes  joined  these  with  their  wigwams.  Some 
of  these  mounds  had  several  stairways  to  ascend  them,  made  by  cutting  out  incline- 
planes,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  wide,  flanking  the  sides  with  posts,  and  laying  poles 
horizontally  across  the  earthen  steps,  thus  forming  a  kind  of  wooden  stairwav. 

1  P.  64  et  seq. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       507 

But,  generally,  the  lofty  residence  of  the  Chief  was  approached  by  only  one  flight 
of  steps.  These  mounds  were  perpendicular,  and  inaccessible,  except  by  the  avenues 
already  mentioned,  which  rendered  the  houses  upon  them  secure  from  the  attack 
of  an  Indian  enemy.  Besides  the  motive  of  security,  a  disposition  to  place  the 
Chief  and  his  family  in  a  commanding  position,  and  to  raise  him  above  his  subjects, 
caused  the  formation  of  these  singular  elevations." 

MOUND  AT  COLE'S  LANDING,  GREENE  COUNTY,  ALA. 

This  mound,  circular  in  outline,  3  feet  in  height,  36  feet  across  the  base,  is  but 
a  few  yards  from  the  river  bank,  about  200  yards  in  a  N.  W.  direction  from  the 
landing.  It  is  on  property  controlled  by  A.  Y.  Sharpe,  Esq.,  of  Demopolis,  Ala. 
All  the  central  part  of  the  mound,  which  was  of  hard  clay,  was  carefully  dug 
through  by  us.  No  interments  were  met  with  but,  loose  in  the  clay,  was  a  polished 
hatchet  of  volcanic  rock. 


MOUNDS  AT  SPRAGINS'  MILL,  MARENGO  COUNTY,  ALA. 

Spragins'  Mill  is  about  eight  miles  below  Demopolis,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river.  The  mounds,  which  were  beautifully  rounded  and  but  a  few  yards  apart, 
were  150  yards  from  the  water  and  one-quarter  mile  in  a  northerly  direction  from 
the  mill,  on  property  of  T.  J.  Spragins,  Esq.,  of  Demopolis,  Ala. 

The  southernmost  mound,  circular  in  out 
line,  3  feet  4  inches  high,  had  a  basal  diameter 
of  40  feet.  The  mound,  which  was  intact,  was 
dug  through  by  us,  save  a  marginal  part  on  one 
side.  It  was  unstratified,  of  brownish  sand.  In 
addition  to  a  few  scattered  bones,  human  re 
mains  were  found  at  five  points. 

Burial  No.  1. — Decaying  skull  and  a  few 
fragments  of  long-bones. 

Burial  No.  2. — Skull,  long-bones  of  legs, 
one  humerus,  all  crumbling  through  decay. 

Burial  No.  3. — Skull  with  scattered  bones. 
With  these  were  two  rudely-shaped  bits  of 
shell,  perforated,  and  a  triangular  shell  pendant, 
pierced  for  suspension  (Fig.  3). 

Burial  No.  4. — Nearly  3  feet  down  and  just 
below  the  center,  four  crania  and  a  pile  of  vari 
ous  bones.     With  one  skull  was  a  small,  neat 
arrowhead  and  nearby  lay  a  lancehead  of  quartzite,  5  inches  in  length. 
Burial  No.  5. — Skull  of  an  adult,  alone. 

The  northernmost  mound,  4  feet  9  inches  high,  had  a  diameter  of  40  feet 
across  the  base  and  resembled  the  other  in  shape  and  in  material.  A  hole  about 


FIG.  3.— Shell  pendant.     Mound  at  Spragins' 
Mill.     (Full  size.) 


65  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XI. 


508       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 

2  feet  in  diameter  had  previously  been  dug  near  the  center.     This  mound  was 
practically  dug  through  by  us.     Human  remains  were  present  in  nine  places. 

Burial  No.  1. — A  single  femur. 

Burial  No.  2. — A  skeleton  of  an  adult,  flexed  on  the  right  side,  heading  S. 

Burial  No.  3. — Skeleton  of  an  adult,  flexed  on  left  side,  heading  N.  N.  W. 

Burial  No.  4. — Skeleton  of  a  powerful  adult,  male,  flexed  on  the  left  side, 
heading  E.  In  contact  with  the  skull  were  seven  fish-hooks  of  bone,  each  about  1 
inch  in  length.  Four  were  more  or  less  decayed.  The  reader  of  our  Report  of  the 
Alabama  river  l  may  recall  that  in  a  mound  near  Montgomery  we  found  a  large 
fish-hook  of  shell,  said  to  be  the  only  one  of  that  material  ever  met  with  east  of 
the  Pacific  slope,  and  one  of  bone.  Bone  fish-hooks  are  1'ess  uncommonly  met 
with,  though  far  from  numerous.  These  two  cases  are  the  only  ones  where  fish 
hooks  have  been  found  by  us. 

The  hooks  from  the  mound  at  Spragins'  Mill  and  from  the  Alabama,  like  most 
others  we  have  seen  figured  as  coming  from  the  United  States,  are  unbarbed. 
Ran,2  however,  shows  a  barbed  fish-hook  from  New  York.  A  barbed  hook  is 
figured  in  the  Archaeological  Report,  Minister  of  Education,  Ontario,  1900.  The 
barbed  hook  may  possibly  be  a  more  northern  type.  Eskimo  influence  has  been 
suggested. 

Burial  No.  5. — Skeleton  of  adolescent,  full  length  on  back,  heading  N.  E. 

Burial  No.  6. — Lower  part  of  a  skeleton,  lying  in  the  same  direction  and  by 
the  side  of  Burial  No.  5.  The  upper  part  had  been  removed  by  the  previous  exca 
vation  of  which  we  have  spoken. 

Burial  No.  7. — Bones  disturbed  by  the  plow  or  by  cattle. 

Burial  No.  8. — Near  the  center,  4  feet  down,  on  the  black  basal  line,  a  skeleton 
of  an  adult,  flexed  on  the  left  side,  heading  N. 

Burial  No.  9. — Skeleton  of  an  adult,  flexed  on  right  side,  heading  S.  W. 

Loose  in  the  sand,  separately,  were  :  a  pitted  hammer-stone  of  considerable 
weight ;  a  pitted  smoothing-stone  ;  a  small  and  handsome  chert  arrowhead  ;  a  rude 
arrowhead.  Together,  were  deposited  five  hammer-stones,  the  largest  6  inches  in 
diameter.  Four  were  more  or  less  pitted.  With  these  was  a  large  pebble,  rudely 
notched  on  opposite  sides  for  attachment.  Near  these  were :  a  stone  with  three 
pits ;  pitted  hammer-stone ;  a  triangular  pebble  chipped  on  one  side  to  a  rude  cut 
ting  edge.  A  pebble  similarly  treated  was  found  elsewhere  in  the  sand. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  SIMMONS'  LANDING,  SUMTER  COUNTY,  ALA. 

In  the  swamp,  about  1.5  miles,  from  the  landing,  in  a  W.  by  S.  direction,  on  a 
ridge,  were  three  mounds  in  sight  of  each  other.  The  most  westerly,  of  unstrati- 
fied  sand,  had  basal  diameters  of  34  feet  and  40  feet.  The  height  was  3.5  feet. 
No  trace  of  previous  examination  was  apparent.  The  mound  was  dug  through  by 
us  with  the  exception  of  a  small  portion  surrounding  a  tree.  The  results  were  as 
follows : 

1  Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Vol.  XI,  p.  322. 
'  "Prehistoric  Fishing,"  p.  128. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       509 

Burial  No.  1. — 2  feet  to  3  feet  from  the  center,  4  feet  down,  on  the  base,  was 
a  lone  skull  with  a  few  rough  shell  beads. 

Burial  No.  2. — 3  feet  down,  a  skeleton  flexed  on  the  right  side,  the  skull  8 
feet  from  the  center,  the  rest  of  the  skeleton  extending  toward  it. 

Burial  No.  3. — 2  feet  down,  about  6  feet  from  the  center,  a  bunch  of  bones 
with  two  skulls. 

The  second  mound,  50  paces  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  former,  was  26 
feet  across  the  base  and  2  feet  high.  Traces  of  a  small  trench  were  apparent. 
The  mount  was  dug  through  by  us. 

Near  the  center,  2  feet  down,  was  a  skull,  and  then,  at  a  distance,  thighs,  legs 
and  feet.  Apparently  the  earlier  trench  was  responsible  for  the  missing  bones. 
With  the  skull  were  a  few  rough  shell  beads. 

The  third  mound  was  17  paces  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  second.  The 
base-diameter  was  21  feet;  the  height  3  feet.  There  seemed  to  have  been  no 
previous  examination.  The  mound  was  demolished  by  us  except  a  small  marginal 
part  around  a  tree.  Twenty-six  inches  down,  near  the  center,  was  a  bunched 
burial  with  a  cranium  on  top. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  WEST  PACE'S  LANDING,  SUMTER  COUNTY,  ALA. 

These  mounds,  of  which  we  located  over  one  dozen,  are  on  Cedar  Ridge,  which 
runs  through  the  swamp  about  3.5  miles  in  a  S.  W.  direction  from  Simmon's  Land 
ing,  on  property  of  J.  B.  Meriwether,  Esq.,  of  Demopolis,  Ala.  The  mounds,  of 
sand  and  of  circular  outline  are  irregularly  placed  along  the  ridge  which  runs  in 
a  north  and  south  direction.  The  most  northerly  mound  has  a  height  of  2  feet, 
a  diameter  of  30  feet.  The  next,  with  a  diameter  of  20  feet  and  17  inches  high, 
is  94  feet  from  the  former  in  a  S.  W.  by  S.  direction.  The  third  mound,  428  feet 
from  the  second,  is  3  feet  high  and  33  feet  across  the  base.  The  otlier  mounds  are 
less  widely  separated.  None  is  over  3  feet  in  height.  Unfortunately,  the  principal 
ones  had  been  dug  into  previously  in  central  parts.  Supplementary  investigation 
accorded  these  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  a  few  disturbed  human  bones.  Three 
mounds,  apparently  intact,  were  centrally  dug  out  by  us.  In  one  nothing  was  met 
with.  In  another  were  loose  bones  in  three  places.  The  third,  near  the  center, 
had  a  skeleton  of  a  young  adult,  lying  at  full  length  on  the  back. 

t 

MOUNDS  NEAR  Moscow,  SUMTER  COUNTY,  ALA. 

In  a  cultivated  field,  about  1  mile  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  landing,  on 
property  of  Robert  W.  Larkins,  Esq.,  Coatopa,  Sumter  County,  Ala.,  was  a  mound 
apparently  intact  in  respect  to  investigation,  but  much  spread  through  cultivation. 
The  diameter  of  base  is  30  feet;  the  height,  3  feet.  A  central  excavation  was 
made  by  us  19  feet  by  20  feet,  through  clayey  sand,  unstratified,  to  the  base. 

Burial  No.  1. — 3  feet  down,  8  feet  from  the  center,  were  several  fragments  of 
long-bones  under  the  skull  of  an  adult. 


510       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 

Burial  No.  2. — 5  feet  from  the  center,  2  feet  down,  lay  a  large  bunch  of  long- 
bones,  including  three  humeri,  with  the  skull  of  an  adult  on  top.  To  one  side  was 
another  skull. 

Burial  No.  3. — 4  feet  down,  about  5  feet  from  the  center,  was  a  skull  from 
which  the  lower  jaw  was  wanting,  over  a  femur  and  part  of  an  ulna. 

In  woods  on  high  ground,  about  1  mile  in  a  southerly  direction  from  Moscow 
Landing,  about  400  yards  from  the  river,  were  eight  mounds,  also  on  property 
belonging  to  Mr.  Larkins.  Three  of  these  were  investigated  by  us. 

Considerably  the  largest  was  26  feet  across  the  base  and  3.5  feet  in  height. 
There  was  no  trace  of  previous  digging.  The  mound,  practically  dug  through  by 
us,  was  of  a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay,  unstratified. 

Burial  No.  1. — 2  feet  8  inches  down,  6  feet  from  the  center,  were  portions  of 
two  humeri. 

Burial  No.  2. — 1  foot  down,  5  feet  from  the  center,  lay  an  isolated  skull. 

Burial  No.  3. — 3  feet  4  inches  down,  3.5  feet  from  the  center,  was  a  skull  and 
part  of  one  humerus. 

Burial  No.  4. — At  the  same  level  and  about  half  a  foot  from  Burial  No.  3,  lay 
the  skull  of  a  child  with  two  fragments  of  long-bones.  Six  inches  away  were  five 
cannon  bones  of  deer  piled  parallel  to  one  another. 

Burial  No.  5. — 2  feet  from  the  center,  1  foot  down,  was  a  lone  skull,  crushed 
and  rotten,  as  were  all  in  this  mound. 

An  arrowhead  and  a  scraper  lay  loose  in  the  sand. 

A  slight  elevation  near  by  yielded  no  results.  It  was  probably  the  site  of  a 
tepee. 

The  next  largest  mound  in  the  group  was  2  feet  high  and  22  feet  across  the 
base.  We  noticed  no  trace  of  previous  examination. 

An  excavation  11  feet  by  12  feet  in  the  center  showed  human  remains,  dis 
turbed  by  one  of  our  diggers  before  inspection  by  us.  Nearby  were  :  a  bit  of  stone ; 
a  bone  with  a  groove  worn  into  it ;  a  rough  arrowhead  ;  several  chips  of  chert ;  and 
a  rude,  undecorated  tobacco-pipe  of  earthenware  with  a  former  fracture,  which  was 
considerably  increased  by  a  blow  from  a  spade. 

MOUND    NEAR    SUCARNOCHEE    CREEK,    SUMTER    COUNTY,    ALA. 

Likewise  on  the  property  of  Mr.  Larkins,  on  a  tongue  of  land  between  the 
river  and  Sucarnochee  creek,  about  35  yards  from  the  edge  of  the  bluif  and  1.25 
miles  below  Moscow,  approximately,  was  a  symmetrical  mound  in  the  woods.  Its 
height  was  4  feet;  its  basal  diameter  25  feet.  This  mound,  which  showed  no 
previous  investigation,  had  so  inviting  an  appearance  that  it  was  entirely  dug 
through  by  us  except  a  small  portion  around  the  roots  of  a  large  tree.  The  mound 
was  composed  of  clay  with  but  a  slight  admixture  of  sand.  In  different  parts  of  the 
mound  were  : 

Burial  No.  1. — A  lone  skull,  badly  decayed. 

Burial  No.  2. — A  solitary  skull,  crushed  flat. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.       511 

Burial  No.  3. — Centrally,  a  single  skull  in  fragments.  With  it  was  part  of 
what  must  have  been  a  fine  weapon  of  quartzite,  a  spearhead  or  a  dagger.  The 
fragment,  from  which  a  part  is  missing  at  either  end,  is  7  inches  in  length. 

Burial  No.  4. — Two  femurs. 

MOUND  AT  BRYAN'S  BURN.  SUMTER  COUNTY,  ALA. 

In  a  great  cultivated  field,  about  one-half  mile  W.  N.  W.  from  the  landing,  on 
property  of  John  Erwin,  Esq.,  Greensboro,  Ala,  is  a  mound  which  has  been  badly 
washed,  150  feet  long  by  106  feet  across.  Its  height  is  5.5  feet.  It  is  known  far 
and  wide  as  "  The  Indian  Mound.''  A  number  of  excavations  indicated  the  mound 
to  belong  to  the  domiciliary  class. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  BICKLEY'S  LANDING,  MARENGO  COUNTY,  ALA. 

About  one-half  mile  in  a  southerly  direction  from  the  landing,  on  property  of 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Crane,  of  Myrtlewood,  Ala.,  forty  mounds,  in  sight  one  of  another,  many 
marginally  in  contact,  were  located  by  us,  and  possibly  some  escaped  our  notice. 
These  mounds  were  nearly  all  of  circular  outline  and  none  exceeded  5  feet  in 
height.  All  were  seemingly  intact.  All  were  above  high-water  mark  and  most 
were  symmetrical,  though  a  few  had  been  a  little  spread  by  cultivation. 

Ten  of  these  mounds  were  entirely  dug  through  by  us,  except  marginal  parts 
surrounding  large  trees.  All  were  composed  of  a  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  and 
un  stratified. 

Mound  I. — 4  feet  high,  26  feet  basal  diameter. 

Burial  No.  1. — 2  feet  7  inches  down,  a  crushed  skull  with  some  teeth  and  1 
foot  away,  three  cervical  vertebrae  and  more  teeth.  With  the 
skull  were  a  drill  and  a  knife  (Fig.  4),  chipped  from  jasper  peb 
bles,  and  a  lot  of  pebbles  and  chippings. 

Burial  No.  2. — 4  feet  from  center,  3  feet  4  inches  down, 
were  fragments  of  femurs ;  two  tibiae,  one  with  foot  bones  and 
an  extra  os  calcis,  the  other  with  os  calcis  and  astragalus 
only.  Nearby  was  a  large  layer  of  charcoal. 

Burial  No.  3. — 3  feet  down  and  4  feet  from  center  lay  a 
lone  skull  and  several  cervical  vertebrae.     With  these  were  : 
FIG.  4.— Knife  chipped  from     one  knife  qhipped  from  a  pebble;  a  hammer-stone  the  size  of  a 
FeVs  Landing.  (Full  size.)     clenched  hand;  sixty-one  pebbles,  doubtless  material  for  drills, 

etc. ;  eight  pebbles  partly  chipped. 

Burial  No.  4. — 5.5  feet  from  center,  3  feet  down,  was  a  skeleton  at  full  length, 
with  the  exception  of  one  thigh,  which  lay  at  an  angle.  With  the  bones  were  : 
decayed  shells  ;  pebbles ;  small  arrow-points ;  a  hammer-stone ;  decaying  animal 
bones,  possibly  implements ;  and  a  drill  beautifully  chipped  from  a  jasper  pebble, 
the  surface  of  which  showed  on  the  base  of  the  drill  (See  Fig.  5). 
Mound  II.. — Diameter,  18  feet;  height,  3  feet. 


512       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER. 


T 


Burial  No.  1.  —  2  feet  downj 
about  6  feet  from  center,  a  solitary 
skull. 

Burial  No.  2.  —  Near  center,  1 
foot  down,  seven  skulls  with  a  large 
collection  of  various  bones. 

Burial  No.  3.  —  16  inches  below 
the  preceding,  a  lot  of  long-bones. 

Mound    III.—  3   feet   high,   22 

FIG.  5.—  Drills  chipped  from  pebbles.     Mounds  at  Bickley's  feet  diameter. 

Landing.     (Full  size.)  -vr        i         •    i  • 

burials  were  met  with   in 


this  mound  and  it  is  likely  all  traces  of  bones  had  disappeared  through  decay 
since  human  remains  in  the  other  mounds  were  in  a  very  bad  condition.  A 
large  hammer-stone  was  the  only  artifact  met  with. 

Mound  IV.  —  4.5  feet  high,  25  feet  in  diameter. 

Burial  No.  1.  —  4  feet  from  center,  at  short  distances  apart  and  at  somewhat 
different  depths,  but  all  probably  thrown  together  on  the  slope'  of  the  mound  as 
it  was  forming,  were  a  skull  and  femur,  one  femur  and  two  tibiae  and  a  single  skull. 

Burial  No.  2.  —  3  feet  from  center,  2  feet  down,  were  two  femurs,  one  tibia, 
one  humerus. 

Burial  No.  3.  —  5  feet  from  the  center,  4.5  feet  down,  was  a  skeleton  which 
had  been  interred  while  partly  held  together  by  ligaments.  The  skull  and  some 
vertebras  lay  a  short  distance  away  and  one  humerus  was  reversed  as  to  position. 

Burial  No.  4.  —  4  feet  from  the  center,  2  feet  down,  was  a  single  skull. 
Associated  with  it  were  some  pebbles,  some  flakes  and  an  arrowpoint.  Another 
skull  lay  a  short  distance  farther  in. 

Burial  No.  5.  —  A  lone  skull  5  feet  from  the  center,  1.5  feet  down. 

Burial  No.  6.  —  5.5  from  the  center  and  4.5  feet  down,  were  fragments  of 
pelvis,  a  femur  and  a  tibia. 

Burial  No.  7.  —  2.5  feet  from  the  center,  5.5  feet  down,  lay  a  solitary  skull. 

Burial  No.  8.  —  4  feet  from  the  center,  1  foot  8  inches  down,  a  skull  of  a  child. 

Mound  V.  —  This  mound,  unlike  the  others  given  here,  was  oblong  in  shape, 
tapering  at  the  ends  and  slightly  crescentic.  Its  basal  diameters  were  40  feet 
and  20  feet  ;  its  height,  2  feet  7  inches. 

Burial  No.  1.  —  10  feet  from  center  and  2  feet  down,  were  one  humerus,  two 
femurs  and  two  tibiae. 

Burial  No.  2.  —  At  the  center,  3.5  feet  down,  on  the  basal  line,  lay  a  skull 
with  other  bones,  in  fragments.  With  these  was  a  rude  tobacco  pipe  of  earthen 
ware  broken  to  pieces  by  the  digger,  also  pebbles  and  animal  bones. 

Burial  No.  3.  —  10  feet  from  center,  3  feet  down,  lay  one  skull  and  fragments 
of  various  bones. 

Mound  VI.  —  1  foot  3  inches  high,  21  feet  diameter. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  RIVER.        513 

Burial  No.  1. — At  the  center,  2  feet  3  inches  down,  were  a  few  badly  decayed 
fragments  of  long-bones  showing  serious  inflammatory  disease. 

Burial  No.  2. — 2  feet  down,  3  feet  from  center,  was  a  single  skull.  Part 
immediately  with  this  skull  and  part  between  it  and  Burial  No.  1,  were  thirteen 
small  arrowpoints,  some  delicately  made ;  a  lancehead ;  a  small  hone ;  flakes ;  a 
large  arrow  or  spearpoint;  a  decayed  bone  implement  and  certain  bones  of  a 
deer  and  of  a  rodent. 

Mound  VII. — 3  feet  high,  24  feet  diameter. 

Burial  No.  1. — 4  feet  down,  3.5  feet  from  the  center,  were  fragments  of  human 
bones  including  parts  of  two  skulls,  burnt  and  calcined.  At  first  glance  it  seemed 
as  though  cremation  had  been  practised  but  the  presence  close  to  the  bones  of 
a  hole  extending  down  from  the  surface,  where  a  stump  had  burnt  out  and 
baked  the  surrounding  clay,  showed  the  fire  to  have  been  accidental.  Fragments 
of  charcoal  from  the  part  of  the  tree  above  ground  still  lay  upon  the  surface. 

Mound  VIII.— 3  feet  high,  26  feet  diameter. 

Burial  No.  1. — 5  feet  from  center,  2  feet  down,  were  a  skull,  a  tibia  and  a 
femur. 

Burial  No.  2. — 1  foot  10  inches  down,  were  fragments  of  a  skull  in  caved  soil. 

Burial  No.  3. — 4  feet  from  center,  3  feet  8  inches  down,  was  a  skull  with  some 
cervical  vertebrae  and  part  of  one  shell  bead. 

Burial  No.  4. — 2  feet  from  center,  4  feet  down,  lay  a  pelvis,  a  bit  of  femur 
and  other  loose  bones  nearby.  With  these  were  a  hammer-stone  and  an  awl 
chipped  from  a  pebble. 

Burial  No.  5. — 3  feet  8  inches  down,  4.5  feet  from  the  center,  were  two  femurs 
and  heel  bones. 

Mound  IX.— 3  feet  high,  22  feet  diameter. 

Burial  No.  1. — 5  feet  from  center,  2  feet  down,  a  lone  skull  and  a  lancepoint. 

Burial  No.  2. — 3  feet  6  inches  from  center,  2  feet  down,  were  scattered  frag 
ments  of  bones. 

Burial  No.  3. — 3  feet  4  inches  down,  were  a  skull  and  a  few  cervical  vertebrae. 
Another  skull  lay  above. 

Burial  No.  4. — At  center,  8  inches  down,  were  some  long-bones. 

Mound  X. — 3  feet  high,  20  feet  diameter.  This  mound  was  the  only  one 
investigated  by  us  which  had  been  ploughed  over. 

Burial  No.  1. — 2.5  feet  from  the  center  were  one  tibia  and  part  of  a  pelvis. 

Burial  No.  2. — 2  feet  from  the  center  lay  a  solitary  skull  near  the  surface. 

Burial  No.  3. — At  the  center,  2.5  feet  down,  were  a  skull,  a  humerus  and 
some  vertebrae.  With  them  were :  pebbles ;  a  pebble-hammer ;  a  bone  piercing 
implement;  an  arrowpoint;  a  cannon  bone  of  a  deer;  decayed  shell  beads. 

At  Bickley's  Landing,  as  we  have  stated,  our  investigation  of  the  Tombigbee 
river  was  abandoned.  Though  the  results  cannot  be  considered  of  great  interest, 
there  are  points  to  which  it  may  be  well  to  call  the  attention  of  the  reader. 

Presumably  cemeteries,  unmarked  above  ground,  are  on  the   Tombigbee   as 


514       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  REMAINS  OF  THE  TOMBIGBEE  -RIVER. 

they  are  on  the  Alabama,  but  there  is  no  history  of  their  discovery  and  nowhere 
along  the  river,  on  the  surface,  did  we  find  fragments  of  vessels  that  seemed  to 
have  been  for  other  than  household  use,  judging  from  the  fact  that  they  formed 
parts  of  comparatively  small  vessels. 

Readers  of  our  Report  on  the  Alabama  river  may  recall  that  in  connection 
with  one  burial  only  on  all  that  river  was  cremation  met  with  by  us.  On  the 
Tombigbee,  it  was  not  found  at  all.  Now,  in  peninsular  Florida,  cremation  is 
met  with  to  a  certain  extent.  Cremated  bones  are  found  sometimes  lying  mixed 
with  unburnt  bones  and  calcined  fragments  of  human  bones  lie  in  or  near  fire 
places,  though  we  do  not  recall  having  met  with  there  on  any  occasion,  masses 
of  calcined  fragments  away  from  unburnt  bones  and  with  no  fire-place  in  the 
vicinity,  such  as  we  found  so  often  in  Georgia.  Still,  the  use  of  fire  in  connection 
with  burials  obtained  at  times  in  the  mounds  of  the  peninsula,  though  it  was  far 
from  general.  Cremation  then,  in  the  peninsula,  such  as  it  was,  can  hardly  have 
reached  there  from  southern  Alabama  where  its  use  was  so  extremely  limited, 
especially  as  the  use  of  fire  in  connection  with  human  remains  was  not  met  with 
by  us  in  that  portion  of  northwestern  Florida  through  which  it  would  have  to 
pass  to  reach  the  peninsula  from  Alabama.  We  must  look,  therefore,  we  think, 
to  Georgia  as  the  territory  through  which  cremation  passed  to  reach  Florida  for.  in 
Georgia,  isolated  pockets  of  fragments  of  cremated  bones ;  masses  of  cremated 
fragments,  placed  on  the  ground  and  covered  with  inverted  vessels ;  and  vessels 
filled  with  cremated  remains  and  capped  by  inverted  bowls  were  plentifully  met 
with  by  us. 


INDEX. 


CERTAIN    ABORIGINAL    REMAINS   OF   THE    N.    W.    FLORIDA   COAST. 

PART   I. 


Aboriginal  dogs,  491. 

Bartrain,  William,  curious  ad 
venture  of,  with  serpent,  495. 

Basal  perforation,  427,  439,  440, 
466. 

Basal  perforation  before  baking, 
440,  450,  497. 

Basin  Bayou,  mound  near,  456. 

Bear  Point,  mound  at,  423. 

Bear  Point,  mound  near,  432. 

Beautifully  carved  vessel,  471. 

Bird-head  effigies  as  handles  of 
bowls,  453. 

Bitumen,  426,  432,  433. 

Black  creek,  mounds  near,  465. 

Black  Point,  mound  near,  454. 

Bottle,  engraved  decoration,  461, 
462. 

Cabe9a  de  Vaca,  422,  430,  433, 
491. 

Cemetery  near  Point  Washing 
ton,  472. 

Choctaws,  flattening  of  heads 
among,  473. 

Coin,  silver,  426. 

Concluding  remarks,  496. 

Crushed  shell  rarely  present  in 
earthenware,  439. 

Cup  with  double  compartment, 
450. 

Decoration  of  earthenware,  439. 

Decoration  of  incised  face,  454. 

Dipper  shaped  vessel,  482. 

Dish,  five  pointed,  459. 

Dishes,  six-pointed,  or  star- 
shaped,  439, 443, 444, 487, 491. 

Dogs,  aboriginal,  seen  by  Ca- 
bec.a  de  Vaca,  491. 

Dogs,  effigies  of,  as  handles  of 
vessels,  491. 

Don's  Bayou,  mound  near,  454. 

Double  compartment,  vessels 
with,  469,  479. 

Double  cup,  in  earthenware,  450. 

Duck-head  in  relief  on  sherd, 
456,  457. 


Ear-plugs  of  shell,  427. 
Earthenware,  character  of,  430, 

466,  496. 

Effigy-vase  of  human  form,  457. 
Enclosed  burial,  one  example  of, 

487,  496. 
Engraved  decoration  on  bottle, 

461,  462. 

Finger- rings  of  glass,  473. 
Five-pointed  dish,  459. 
Flattening  of  skulls  among  the 

Choctaws,  473. 
Frog-shaped  vessel,  446,  447. 

Galena,  ball  of,  466. 
Gourd  shaped  vessel,  455,  482. 
Graveyard    Point,  mound    near, 
435. 

Heads  of  animals,  effigies  of,  as 
handles  of  vessels,  430,  488, 
491,  494. 

Hoe-shaped  implement,  473. 

Hogtown  Bayou,  mound  near, 
496, 

Holmes,  Professor,  422,  425, 427. 

Human  heads,  effigies  of,  as  han 
dles,  464,  465,  469,  494. 

Human  head,  effigy  of,  as  han 
dle,  containing  objects  which 
rattle,  494. 

Inerarity  Point,  433. 
Inverted    vessels    over    burials, 
437. 

Jolly  Bay,  mound  near,  459. 
Josephine  P.O.,  mound  near,  433. 

Lance-head,  heart-shaped,  438. 
Life-forms  in  earthenware,  446, 

447,  451,  461,  463,  468,  474, 

482,  484,  487. 

Maester  creek,  mound  near,  433. 
Maps,  419,  420. 

Marginal  deposits  of  earthen 
ware,  459,  466. 


Material  inset  in  incised  lines, 
425,  475,  477,  485,  488. 

Mortuary  ware,  ready  made,  439, 
440. 

Mounds  investigated,  423. 

Perforation   of  base  of  vessels, 

427,  439,  440,  496. 
Point  Washington,  mound  near, 

465. 
Putnam,  Professor,  426. 

Rattlesnake,  markings  of,  shown 

on  vessel,  495. 

Rocky  Bayou,  mound  near,  455. 
Romans,  Bernard,  473,  495. 

Santa  Rosa  Sound,  mounds  near, 

435. 

Scroll,  Yucatec  treatment  of,  469. 
Serpent,  effigy   of  head    of,    for 

handle,  494. 
Serpents,    aboriginal  veneration 

for,  495. 
Silver  coin,  426. 
Six-pointed,  or  star-shaped, 

dishes,  439,  443,  444,  487,  491. 
Skulls,    single,    interred    under 

bowls,  432, 
Stamp,   small    check,   seemingly 

universally  present  in  Florida, 

496. 
Symbolism  on  earthenware,  425. 

Tobacco  pipe  of  soapstone,  455. 
Urn-burial,  another  form  of,  496. 

Vessel  beautifully  carved,  471. 
Vessel  representing  open  bivalve, 

479. 
Vessel  with  double  compartment, 

469. 
Visor-shaped    projections,  vessel 

with,  442. 

Walton's  Camp,  mounds  at,  435. 


516 


INDEX. 


CERTAIN    ABORIGINAL    REMAINS   OF    THE    TOMBIGBEE    RIVER. 


Awl  chipped  from  pebble,  513.         Discs  of  earthenware,  504. 


Bickley's  Landing,   mounds  at, 

511. 
Blubber    Creek,    mounds    near, 

504. 

Bone  fish-hooks,  508. 
Brasfield  mound,  506. 
Bryan's  Burn,  mound  at,  511. 
Bunched  burials,  503. 
Butler's  Gin,  mound  at,  502. 

Camp-sites  and  mounds  on  Tom- 

bigbee  river,  500. 
Chowder    Spring    Landing, 

mouuds  near,  502. 
Coleman  mound,  503. 
Cole's  Landing,  mound  at,  507. 


Drills  chipped  from  jasper  peb 
bles,  511. 

East  Bluffport  Landing,  camp 
site,  505. 

Fish-hooks  of  bone,  508. 
Goose  Pond,  mounds  near,  503. 

Hatchet  of  volcanic  rock,  507. 
Hilman's  Landing,  mound  near, 
505. 

Knife,  semi-lunar,  chipped  from 
jasper  pebble,  506. 

Mortar  made  from  boulder,  504. 
Moscow,  mounds  near,  509. 
Mounds  and  camp-sites  of  Tom- 


Cook's  Landing,  mound  at,  505.         bigbee  river,  500. 


Pendant  of  shell,  507. 
Pitted  hammer-stones,  508. 

Remarks,  513. 

Simmon's  Landing,  mounds  near, 

508. 

Spragins'  Mill,  mounds  at,  507. 
Sucarnochee  creek,  mound  near, 

510. 
Summerville,  mound  at,  504. 

Tobacco  pipes,  506,  510,  512. 

Urn  burials  on  Alabama  river, 
499. 

Windham   Landing,  mound  at, 

505. 
West  Pace's  Landing,   mounds 

near,  509. 


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